424
13.5.6 Monitoring Bacteria
The indicator organisms most often used to indicate sanitary conditions at bathing
beaches are fecal coliform bacteria and enterococcus bacteria. Coliforms belong to
the enteric bacteria group, Enterobacteriaceae, which consists of various species
found in the environment and in the intestinal tract of warm-blooded animals. Fecal
coliforms are the part of the coliform group that are derived from the feces of warmblooded animals. The fecal test differentiates between coliforms of fecal origin and
those from other sources (USEPA 2002).
13.6 Adjacent Marine Area and Their Outlets
Water quality of the adjacent marine area of the coastal lakes under investigation
was monitored under the national program “The Environmental Information and
Monitoring Program” (EIMP) which operate through the Egyptian Environmental
Affairs Authority (EEAA). The purpose of the Coastal Water Monitoring Program
is to obtain baseline knowledge of the quality of the Egyptian coastal waters and to
establish a continuous survey of these waters. The outputs is also used to establish
quantitative and causal relations between pollution sources and pollution impacts.
The proposed water sampling Program focuses on measurements of marine water
samples and the outlets from the river Nile and the major lakes are sites of interest
in this program (EEAA 2016b). Continuous bimonthly and annual reports were
presented the main results of this program such as EEAA (2016c, 2015). Figure 13.6
shows the dissolved oxygen values at the adjacent marine water of the lakes under
investigation during May 2016. It shows that all the values are accepted as higher
than accepted limit of 4 mg/L. Effect of water salinity of the coastal lakes under
investigation to the adjacent marine area during May 2016 is presented in Fig. 13.7.
The salinity in front of the outlets are decreased than the normal ambient seawater
in this area. The water of El-Gamil outlet is the relatively higher effects of the adjacent seawater. The domestic wastewater discharged from the coastal lake outlets to
the adjacent seawater was detected by coliform bacterial indicator. Figure 13.8
shows the counts of the Coliform bacteria in front of the coastal lakes outlet. Mariout
Lake was recognized as the most polluted lake from the domestic pollution during
May 2016. Moreover, scientific articles in specific journals and conference were
submitted from the program output such as Haslund and his group (Haslund et al.
1999).
The water quality parameters of the drains discharged to Edku Lake and the lake
water with its outlet have been summarized by Gharib and Soliman (1998) and
listed in Tables 13.3 and 13.4. The quality of the adjacent marine water to the lake
outlet is also presented during 1995–1996.
Coastal Research Institute (National Water Research Center, Egypt) established
monitoring program for the water quality of the coastal lakes outlets since 16 years.
A.A. El-Gamal
13.5.6 Monitoring Bacteria
The indicator organisms most often used to indicate sanitary conditions at bathing
beaches are fecal coliform bacteria and enterococcus bacteria. Coliforms belong to
the enteric bacteria group, Enterobacteriaceae, which consists of various species
found in the environment and in the intestinal tract of warm-blooded animals. Fecal
coliforms are the part of the coliform group that are derived from the feces of warmblooded animals. The fecal test differentiates between coliforms of fecal origin and
those from other sources (USEPA 2002).
13.6 Adjacent Marine Area and Their Outlets
Water quality of the adjacent marine area of the coastal lakes under investigation
was monitored under the national program “The Environmental Information and
Monitoring Program” (EIMP) which operate through the Egyptian Environmental
Affairs Authority (EEAA). The purpose of the Coastal Water Monitoring Program
is to obtain baseline knowledge of the quality of the Egyptian coastal waters and to
establish a continuous survey of these waters. The outputs is also used to establish
quantitative and causal relations between pollution sources and pollution impacts.
The proposed water sampling Program focuses on measurements of marine water
samples and the outlets from the river Nile and the major lakes are sites of interest
in this program (EEAA 2016b). Continuous bimonthly and annual reports were
presented the main results of this program such as EEAA (2016c, 2015). Figure 13.6
shows the dissolved oxygen values at the adjacent marine water of the lakes under
investigation during May 2016. It shows that all the values are accepted as higher
than accepted limit of 4 mg/L. Effect of water salinity of the coastal lakes under
investigation to the adjacent marine area during May 2016 is presented in Fig. 13.7.
The salinity in front of the outlets are decreased than the normal ambient seawater
in this area. The water of El-Gamil outlet is the relatively higher effects of the adjacent seawater. The domestic wastewater discharged from the coastal lake outlets to
the adjacent seawater was detected by coliform bacterial indicator. Figure 13.8
shows the counts of the Coliform bacteria in front of the coastal lakes outlet. Mariout
Lake was recognized as the most polluted lake from the domestic pollution during
May 2016. Moreover, scientific articles in specific journals and conference were
submitted from the program output such as Haslund and his group (Haslund et al.
1999).
The water quality parameters of the drains discharged to Edku Lake and the lake
water with its outlet have been summarized by Gharib and Soliman (1998) and
listed in Tables 13.3 and 13.4. The quality of the adjacent marine water to the lake
outlet is also presented during 1995–1996.
Coastal Research Institute (National Water Research Center, Egypt) established
monitoring program for the water quality of the coastal lakes outlets since 16 years.
A.A. El-Gamal