416
• Climate change, mainly sea level rise.
• Overgrazing and erosion of vegetation coverage, in addition to drought episodes
associated with low rainfall and poor management of rangelands.
• Mines spread along large areas of North Coast and Western Desert, left from the
II World War in El-Alamein area, this area (more than quarter million feddans) is
suitable for agriculture.
In this chapter, we will discuss the Nile Delta lagoons, which are the most important Mediterranean coastal lagoons Manzala, Burullus, Edku and Mariout.
Morphology, environmental parameters and water quality of the four lakes under
investigation with its adjacent Mediterranean water are discuss. Vulnerability and
environmental stress of these wetlands will be presented with its conservation and
sustainable development.
13.3 Morphology and Environmental Parameters
Lagoons are an integral part of the coastal landscape and have peculiar ecological
conditions that characterize its ecosystems (Cataudella et al. 2015). It recognized by
significant environmental heterogeneity, highly resilient, productive ecosystems
and efficient trophic transfer (Cataudella et al. 2015). The delta contains a network
of irrigation canals and drainage systems. Drainage waters finally flow into several
Fig. 13.2 Google earth image of El-Manzala Lagoon during 2016
A.A. El-Gamal
• Climate change, mainly sea level rise.
• Overgrazing and erosion of vegetation coverage, in addition to drought episodes
associated with low rainfall and poor management of rangelands.
• Mines spread along large areas of North Coast and Western Desert, left from the
II World War in El-Alamein area, this area (more than quarter million feddans) is
suitable for agriculture.
In this chapter, we will discuss the Nile Delta lagoons, which are the most important Mediterranean coastal lagoons Manzala, Burullus, Edku and Mariout.
Morphology, environmental parameters and water quality of the four lakes under
investigation with its adjacent Mediterranean water are discuss. Vulnerability and
environmental stress of these wetlands will be presented with its conservation and
sustainable development.
13.3 Morphology and Environmental Parameters
Lagoons are an integral part of the coastal landscape and have peculiar ecological
conditions that characterize its ecosystems (Cataudella et al. 2015). It recognized by
significant environmental heterogeneity, highly resilient, productive ecosystems
and efficient trophic transfer (Cataudella et al. 2015). The delta contains a network
of irrigation canals and drainage systems. Drainage waters finally flow into several
Fig. 13.2 Google earth image of El-Manzala Lagoon during 2016
A.A. El-Gamal