415
7. Establishment of national wetland databank.
8. Program for training man power capacity building.
9. Program for inventories of cultural heritage and indigenous knowledge of wetlands of Egypt.
10. Consolidated national law for wetlands.
Egypt’s wetlands are subject to a variety of human induced threats that are leading to the degradation of this valuable national resource. The main threat facing
Egyptian Northern coastal lakes and their vulnerability to climate change is habitat
loss and degradation driven by significant reduction in area. This reduction is a
result of agriculture and settlements, abstraction of water for irrigation, coastal erosion, water pollution, over fishing and illegal fishing activities, introduction of alien
species, spreading of aquatic plants and the blockage of their connections with the
sea. Different kinds of pollution among various lakes from untreated or partially
treated industrial and domestic wastewater in addition to the agricultural wastes,
which loaded with eutrophication parameters (N and P), fertilizer, pesticide and
herbicide residues.
The Egyptian Ministry of Environmental Affairs stated that wetlands in Egypt
are facing many threats that lead to their degradation (MENA 2016), such as:
• Excessive expansion in scooping coastal lakes for implementing development
projects.
• Intrude of different kinds of pollutants discharged to the coastal lakes from
domestic, agricultural and industrial wastes generated from cities and villages
located along coastal lakes such as El-Burullus, Edku and El-Manzala that affect
biota and decrease services and resources of these lakes.
• Accretion and sand creep are natural threats exposed the wetlands, which may
play an important part for siltation of the outlets of the lakes.
40 ´
40 ´
40 ´
40 ´
0.0 1.1 2.2
40 ´
20 ´
Maryout
Edku
Burullus
Mediterranean Sea
Manzala
31°
30°00 ´
31°00 ´
32°00 ´
20 ´
20 ´
20 ´
20 ´
00 ´
N
Fig. 13.1 The Mediterranean coastal lagoons in Egypt. The brackish water lagoons under investigation are located in the Nile Delta coastal area Maryout, Edku, El-Burullus and Manzala Lakes
13 Egyptian Nile Delta Coastal Lagoons: Alteration and Subsequent Restoration
7. Establishment of national wetland databank.
8. Program for training man power capacity building.
9. Program for inventories of cultural heritage and indigenous knowledge of wetlands of Egypt.
10. Consolidated national law for wetlands.
Egypt’s wetlands are subject to a variety of human induced threats that are leading to the degradation of this valuable national resource. The main threat facing
Egyptian Northern coastal lakes and their vulnerability to climate change is habitat
loss and degradation driven by significant reduction in area. This reduction is a
result of agriculture and settlements, abstraction of water for irrigation, coastal erosion, water pollution, over fishing and illegal fishing activities, introduction of alien
species, spreading of aquatic plants and the blockage of their connections with the
sea. Different kinds of pollution among various lakes from untreated or partially
treated industrial and domestic wastewater in addition to the agricultural wastes,
which loaded with eutrophication parameters (N and P), fertilizer, pesticide and
herbicide residues.
The Egyptian Ministry of Environmental Affairs stated that wetlands in Egypt
are facing many threats that lead to their degradation (MENA 2016), such as:
• Excessive expansion in scooping coastal lakes for implementing development
projects.
• Intrude of different kinds of pollutants discharged to the coastal lakes from
domestic, agricultural and industrial wastes generated from cities and villages
located along coastal lakes such as El-Burullus, Edku and El-Manzala that affect
biota and decrease services and resources of these lakes.
• Accretion and sand creep are natural threats exposed the wetlands, which may
play an important part for siltation of the outlets of the lakes.
40 ´
40 ´
40 ´
40 ´
0.0 1.1 2.2
40 ´
20 ´
Maryout
Edku
Burullus
Mediterranean Sea
Manzala
31°
30°00 ´
31°00 ´
32°00 ´
20 ´
20 ´
20 ´
20 ´
00 ´
N
Fig. 13.1 The Mediterranean coastal lagoons in Egypt. The brackish water lagoons under investigation are located in the Nile Delta coastal area Maryout, Edku, El-Burullus and Manzala Lakes
13 Egyptian Nile Delta Coastal Lagoons: Alteration and Subsequent Restoration