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Sungai Mangsalut was best known in the past as “the river producing fortune” or
in Malay “Sungai yang mengalur keuntungan” for the local people (Rehett 2013;
Engbers 2010). In the past, the river was a famous area for fishing ground, hunting
and leisure, this is because the river mouth sited on the coastal area (Rehett 2013;
Engbers 2010). The river was seen as a primary source (economic) of living for the
local people. The river is surrounded by swamp forest and mangrove forest in 1978
(Rehett 2013; Engbers 2010). However, this report will explain further on how the
degradation of the wetland features surround the Sungai Mangsalut (Mangsalut
River) in the present times and to show the comparison of the physical environment
in 1978 with 2015 map (Rehett 2013; Engbers 2010).
4.2 Aims and Objectives
The aims and objectives of this study is to analyze the environmental impacts of the
area surrounds Sungai Mangsalut. Also to identify the factors influence the degradation of the Sungai Mangsalut in the present time.
The specific objectives of this study is given bellow:
• To clarify the location of Sungai Mangsalut (Mangsalut River) and its present
environment status.
• To recognize the factors that influences the changes of the coastal wetland landscape ecosystem and environment in 2015 and in 1978.
• To identify the direct and indirect ecological impacts of the Sungai Mangsalut in
the coastal region in Brunei Darussalam.
• Based on the study findings prepare some practical recommendations for the better management and development of the case study area in the near future.
The aims and objectives above is seen as a guideline towards the study of the
Sungai Mangsalut. It can be seen as the starting point for the study and fundamental
in keeping the study clear and relevant.
4.3 Literature Review
Wetland that was stated by Mitsch and Gosse link (1986) they give a definition stated
wetland as “areas of marsh, fen, peat land or water whether natural or artificial, permanent/ temporary with water that is stable or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed 6 meters”.
They also added that wetlands have a great value because their functions have proved
to be useful to humans. The value for some wetlands also increases with human
development (agricultural and urban) because of increased use and/or increased scarcity (Mitsch and Gosselink, 1986; Islam et al. 2014). This can easily be overwhelmed
in areas of heavy human development, thus lessoning those values.
4 Impacts of Coastal Land Use Changes on Mangrove Wetlands at Sungai Mangsalut…
Sungai Mangsalut was best known in the past as “the river producing fortune” or
in Malay “Sungai yang mengalur keuntungan” for the local people (Rehett 2013;
Engbers 2010). In the past, the river was a famous area for fishing ground, hunting
and leisure, this is because the river mouth sited on the coastal area (Rehett 2013;
Engbers 2010). The river was seen as a primary source (economic) of living for the
local people. The river is surrounded by swamp forest and mangrove forest in 1978
(Rehett 2013; Engbers 2010). However, this report will explain further on how the
degradation of the wetland features surround the Sungai Mangsalut (Mangsalut
River) in the present times and to show the comparison of the physical environment
in 1978 with 2015 map (Rehett 2013; Engbers 2010).
4.2 Aims and Objectives
The aims and objectives of this study is to analyze the environmental impacts of the
area surrounds Sungai Mangsalut. Also to identify the factors influence the degradation of the Sungai Mangsalut in the present time.
The specific objectives of this study is given bellow:
• To clarify the location of Sungai Mangsalut (Mangsalut River) and its present
environment status.
• To recognize the factors that influences the changes of the coastal wetland landscape ecosystem and environment in 2015 and in 1978.
• To identify the direct and indirect ecological impacts of the Sungai Mangsalut in
the coastal region in Brunei Darussalam.
• Based on the study findings prepare some practical recommendations for the better management and development of the case study area in the near future.
The aims and objectives above is seen as a guideline towards the study of the
Sungai Mangsalut. It can be seen as the starting point for the study and fundamental
in keeping the study clear and relevant.
4.3 Literature Review
Wetland that was stated by Mitsch and Gosse link (1986) they give a definition stated
wetland as “areas of marsh, fen, peat land or water whether natural or artificial, permanent/ temporary with water that is stable or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed 6 meters”.
They also added that wetlands have a great value because their functions have proved
to be useful to humans. The value for some wetlands also increases with human
development (agricultural and urban) because of increased use and/or increased scarcity (Mitsch and Gosselink, 1986; Islam et al. 2014). This can easily be overwhelmed
in areas of heavy human development, thus lessoning those values.
4 Impacts of Coastal Land Use Changes on Mangrove Wetlands at Sungai Mangsalut…