91
2. on the concave edges (accretion zones), after the pioneer stands, a monospecific
wide band of Rhizophora spp. with tall individuals exceeding 40  m in height
extends sometimes on hundreds of meters. Inside the opened forest, this species
often formed mixed stands with giants Avicennia germinans and thickets Nypa
fruticans;
3. the convex banks (erosion areas) are characterized by consolidated substrate
consisted of low alluvial deposits. Acrostichum aureum is tightly mixed with
Fig. 3.4 Measurement of mangrove tree structure parameters: (a) Rhizophora zone; (b) Avicennia
zone
3 Impact of Urbanization on the Evolution of Mangrove Ecosystems…