220
Juan BeIlot, Anna 'Avila and Anselm Rodrigo
net throughfall or net precipitation can betaken as a measure of dry deposition onto the forest canopy, which is notoriously difficult to measure directly.
Using this criterion, dry deposition of S is moderate at Prades and very low
in the topographically protected site at Montseny (Table 15.6).
In summary, as water crosses the holm oak canopies, fluxes of most elements increase, except for H+ and in some cases N, in ratios similar to those
reported for sites in central Europe or North America affected by acid rains
(Dambrine et al. 1995). However, the S enrichment in our holm oak sites is
counterbalanced by increases in base cations, so S inputs do not pose a
problem of acidification for Mediterranean holm oak forests. Net throughfall
fluxes of K+ can be mostly attributed to leaching, and represent a major contribution to K+ cycling in the forest (Chap. 18).
References
Aussenac G (1970) Action du couvert forestier sur la distribution au sol des precipitations. Ann
Sci For 27:383-399
'Avila A, Alarc6n M, Queralt I (1998) The chemical composition of dust transported in red rains
- its contribution to the biogeochemical cycle of a holm oak forest in Catalonia (Spain). Atmos
Environ 32:179-191
Bache DH (1977) Sulphur dioxide uptake and the leaching of sulfates from a pine forest. J Appl
EcoI14:881-895
BeIlot J (1989) AmUisis de los flujos de deposici6n global, trascolaci6n, escorrentia cortical y
deposici6n seca en el encinar meditemineo de L'Avic (Sierra de Prades, Tarragona). PhD
Thesis, University of Alicante, A1icante
BeIlot J, Escarre A (1991) Chemical characteristics and temporal variations of nutrients in
throughfaIJ and stemflow of three species in Mediterranean holm oak forest. For Ecol Manage
41:125-135
Bouten W, Schaap MG, Aerts J, Vermetten AWM (1996) Monitoring and modelling canopy water
amounts in support of atmospheric deposition studies. J HydroI181:305-321
Bredemeier M (1988) Forest canopy transformation of atmospheric deposition. Water Air Soil
PoIlut 40:121-138
Brinson MM, Bradshaw HD, Holmes RN, Elkins JB (1980) Litterfall, stemflow and throughfall
nutrient fluxes in an aIluviai swamp forest. Ecology 61:827-835
Bynterowicz A, Fenn ME (1996) Nitrogen deposition in California forests: a review. Environ
PoIlut 92:127-146
Dambrine E, Ulrich E, Cenac, N, Durand P, Gauquelin T, Nfirabel P, Nys C, Probst A, Ranger J,
zephoris M (1995) Atmospheric deposition in France and possible relation with forest decline. In: Landemann G, Bonneau M (eds) Forest decline and atmospheric deposition effects
in the French mountains. Springer, Berlin, pp 177-199
Eaton JS, Likens GE, Bormann FH (1973) Throughfall and stemflow chemistry in a northern
hardwood forest. J EcoI61:495-508
Ford ED, Deans JD (1978) The effects of canopy structure on stemflow, throughfall and interception loss in a young Sitka spruce plantation. J Appl EcoI15:905-917
Gash JHC (1979) An analytical model of rainfall interception by forest. Q J R Meteorol Soc
105:43-55
Gonzalez JC, BeIlot J (1997) Soil moisture changes under shrub cover (Rosmarinus ofjicinalis)
and cleared shrub as response to precipitation in a semiarid environment. Stemflow effects.
Arid Soil Res Rehabi 11:187-199
Juan BeIlot, Anna 'Avila and Anselm Rodrigo
net throughfall or net precipitation can betaken as a measure of dry deposition onto the forest canopy, which is notoriously difficult to measure directly.
Using this criterion, dry deposition of S is moderate at Prades and very low
in the topographically protected site at Montseny (Table 15.6).
In summary, as water crosses the holm oak canopies, fluxes of most elements increase, except for H+ and in some cases N, in ratios similar to those
reported for sites in central Europe or North America affected by acid rains
(Dambrine et al. 1995). However, the S enrichment in our holm oak sites is
counterbalanced by increases in base cations, so S inputs do not pose a
problem of acidification for Mediterranean holm oak forests. Net throughfall
fluxes of K+ can be mostly attributed to leaching, and represent a major contribution to K+ cycling in the forest (Chap. 18).
References
Aussenac G (1970) Action du couvert forestier sur la distribution au sol des precipitations. Ann
Sci For 27:383-399
'Avila A, Alarc6n M, Queralt I (1998) The chemical composition of dust transported in red rains
- its contribution to the biogeochemical cycle of a holm oak forest in Catalonia (Spain). Atmos
Environ 32:179-191
Bache DH (1977) Sulphur dioxide uptake and the leaching of sulfates from a pine forest. J Appl
EcoI14:881-895
BeIlot J (1989) AmUisis de los flujos de deposici6n global, trascolaci6n, escorrentia cortical y
deposici6n seca en el encinar meditemineo de L'Avic (Sierra de Prades, Tarragona). PhD
Thesis, University of Alicante, A1icante
BeIlot J, Escarre A (1991) Chemical characteristics and temporal variations of nutrients in
throughfaIJ and stemflow of three species in Mediterranean holm oak forest. For Ecol Manage
41:125-135
Bouten W, Schaap MG, Aerts J, Vermetten AWM (1996) Monitoring and modelling canopy water
amounts in support of atmospheric deposition studies. J HydroI181:305-321
Bredemeier M (1988) Forest canopy transformation of atmospheric deposition. Water Air Soil
PoIlut 40:121-138
Brinson MM, Bradshaw HD, Holmes RN, Elkins JB (1980) Litterfall, stemflow and throughfall
nutrient fluxes in an aIluviai swamp forest. Ecology 61:827-835
Bynterowicz A, Fenn ME (1996) Nitrogen deposition in California forests: a review. Environ
PoIlut 92:127-146
Dambrine E, Ulrich E, Cenac, N, Durand P, Gauquelin T, Nfirabel P, Nys C, Probst A, Ranger J,
zephoris M (1995) Atmospheric deposition in France and possible relation with forest decline. In: Landemann G, Bonneau M (eds) Forest decline and atmospheric deposition effects
in the French mountains. Springer, Berlin, pp 177-199
Eaton JS, Likens GE, Bormann FH (1973) Throughfall and stemflow chemistry in a northern
hardwood forest. J EcoI61:495-508
Ford ED, Deans JD (1978) The effects of canopy structure on stemflow, throughfall and interception loss in a young Sitka spruce plantation. J Appl EcoI15:905-917
Gash JHC (1979) An analytical model of rainfall interception by forest. Q J R Meteorol Soc
105:43-55
Gonzalez JC, BeIlot J (1997) Soil moisture changes under shrub cover (Rosmarinus ofjicinalis)
and cleared shrub as response to precipitation in a semiarid environment. Stemflow effects.
Arid Soil Res Rehabi 11:187-199