76
ample data sheets, data dictionary and catalog,
statistical analysis procedures, data archiving instructions, and metadata. Like any "Methods"
section, the entire process (including analysis)
must be repeatable.
6. Understand and state the appropriate applications and limitations of the data. This will improve the credibility of the data (and investigators) and may prevent inappropriate uses of the
data.
7. Data and documentation should be well archived.
Archived data should be in two locations, on two
media, and in two formats. Metadata and quality
assessment information should be attached.
8. Improve access to your data. Accessibility (on
the Web and elsewhere) will ensure that the data
do not disappear.
9. Periodically review the data acquisition and information management process. Keep the process
updated and somewhat futuristic. A review of Oppenheimer et al. (1974) and Michener (1986) reminds us that the world of data acquisition is
ever-changing.
5.7 References
Austin, T. 1974. Existing bodies of data-non-computerized. In: Oppenheimer, C. H.; Oppenheimer, D.;
Brogden, W. B., eds. Environmental data management. New York: Plenum Press: 27-45.
Berkowitz, A. R; Kolosa, K.; Peters, R H.; Pickett, S.
T. A. 1989. How far in space and time can the results
from a single long-term study be extrapolated. In:
Likens, G. E., ed. Long-term studies in ecology:
approaches and alternatives. New York: SpringerVerlag: 192-198.
Buckley, D. J.; Coughenour, M. B.; Blyth, c. B.;
O'Leary, D. J.; Bentz, J. A. 1993. Ecosystem management model-Elk Island National Park: a case
study of integrating environmental models with GIS.
Breckenridge, CO: Second International Conference
on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling.
Burkman, W. G.; Hertel, G. D. 1992. Forest health monitoring. J. For. 90:2.
Congalton, R G. 1991. A review of assessing the accuracy of classification of remotely sensed data. Remote
Sens. Environ. 37:35-46.
Coughenour, M. B. 1993. Savanna-landscape and regional ecosystem model: documentation. Fort Collins,
CO: Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory, Colorado
State University.
Coughenour, M. B.; Singer, F. J. 1991. The concept of
overgrazing and its application to Yellowstone's
northern range. In: Keiter, R B.; Boyce, M. S., eds.
The greater Yellowstone ecosystem. New Haven, CT:
Yale University Press: 209-230.
Data Acquisition
Dallmeier, F., editor. 1992. Long-term monitoring of biological diversity in tropical forest areas: methods for
establishment and inventory of permanent plots. MAB
Digest 11. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
Dallmeier, F.; Taylor, C. M.; Mayne, J. c.; Kabel, M.;
Rice, R 1992. Effects of Hurricane Hugo on the Bisley Biodiversity Plot, Luquillo Biosphere Reserve,
Puerto Rico. In: Dallmeier, F., ed. Long-term monitoring of biological diversity in tropical forest areas:
Methods for establishment and inventory of permanent
plots. MAB Digest 11. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO):
47-72.
Federal Geographic Data Committee. 1998. Content
standards for digital geospatial metadata (revised
June 1998). FGDC-STD-001-1998. Washington, DC:
Federal Geographic Data Committee.
Fortin, M. J.; Drapeau, P.; Legendre, P. 1989. Spatial autocorrelation and sampling design in plant ecology.
Vegetatio 83:209-222.
Franklin, J. F.; DeBell, D. S. 1988. Thirty-six years of
tree population change in an old-growth PseudotsugaTsuga forest. Can. J. For. Res. 18:633-639.
Franklin, J. F.; Bledsoe, C. S.; Callahan, J. T. 1990. Contributions of the Long-Term Ecological Research Program. BioScience 40:509-523.
Hawk, G. M.; Franklin, J. F.; McKee, W. A.; Brown, R
B. 1978. H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest reference
stand system: establish and use history. U.S. Dept.
Agric., For. Servo Bull. 12. Washington, DC: U.S. International Biosphere Program.
Hinds, W. T. 1984. Towards monitoring of long-term
trends in terrestrial ecosystems. Environ. Conserv.
11:11-18.
Hubbell, S. P.; Foster, R B. 1987. The spatial context of
regeneration in a neotropical forest. In: Gray, A. J.;
Crawley, M. J.; Edwards, P. J., eds. Colonization, succession and stability. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Hurlbert, S. H. 1984. Pseudoreplication and the design
of ecological field experiments. Ecol. Monogr. 54:
187-211.
Jones, K. B. 1986. The inventory and monitoring process.
In: Cooperrider, A. Y.; Boyde, R J.; Stuart, H. R, eds.
Inventory and monitoring of wildlife habitat. Denver:
U.S.DJ. Bureau of Land Manage., Servo Center: 1-10.
Kalkhan, M. A.; Stohlgren, T. J.; Coughenour, M. 1995.
An investigation of biodiversity and landscape-scale
gap patterns using double sampling: a GIS approach.
Vancouver, B.C.: In: Proceedings of the ninth conference on geographic information systems: 708-712.
Kanciruk, P.; Olson, R J.; McCord, R A. 1986. Data
quality assurance in a research database: the 1984 national surface water survey. In: Michener, W. K., ed.
Research data managementin the ecological sciences.
Belle W. Baruch Library in Marine Science Number
16. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press:
193-208.
Kareiva, P. M.; Anderson, M. 1988. Spatial aspects of
ample data sheets, data dictionary and catalog,
statistical analysis procedures, data archiving instructions, and metadata. Like any "Methods"
section, the entire process (including analysis)
must be repeatable.
6. Understand and state the appropriate applications and limitations of the data. This will improve the credibility of the data (and investigators) and may prevent inappropriate uses of the
data.
7. Data and documentation should be well archived.
Archived data should be in two locations, on two
media, and in two formats. Metadata and quality
assessment information should be attached.
8. Improve access to your data. Accessibility (on
the Web and elsewhere) will ensure that the data
do not disappear.
9. Periodically review the data acquisition and information management process. Keep the process
updated and somewhat futuristic. A review of Oppenheimer et al. (1974) and Michener (1986) reminds us that the world of data acquisition is
ever-changing.
5.7 References
Austin, T. 1974. Existing bodies of data-non-computerized. In: Oppenheimer, C. H.; Oppenheimer, D.;
Brogden, W. B., eds. Environmental data management. New York: Plenum Press: 27-45.
Berkowitz, A. R; Kolosa, K.; Peters, R H.; Pickett, S.
T. A. 1989. How far in space and time can the results
from a single long-term study be extrapolated. In:
Likens, G. E., ed. Long-term studies in ecology:
approaches and alternatives. New York: SpringerVerlag: 192-198.
Buckley, D. J.; Coughenour, M. B.; Blyth, c. B.;
O'Leary, D. J.; Bentz, J. A. 1993. Ecosystem management model-Elk Island National Park: a case
study of integrating environmental models with GIS.
Breckenridge, CO: Second International Conference
on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling.
Burkman, W. G.; Hertel, G. D. 1992. Forest health monitoring. J. For. 90:2.
Congalton, R G. 1991. A review of assessing the accuracy of classification of remotely sensed data. Remote
Sens. Environ. 37:35-46.
Coughenour, M. B. 1993. Savanna-landscape and regional ecosystem model: documentation. Fort Collins,
CO: Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory, Colorado
State University.
Coughenour, M. B.; Singer, F. J. 1991. The concept of
overgrazing and its application to Yellowstone's
northern range. In: Keiter, R B.; Boyce, M. S., eds.
The greater Yellowstone ecosystem. New Haven, CT:
Yale University Press: 209-230.
Data Acquisition
Dallmeier, F., editor. 1992. Long-term monitoring of biological diversity in tropical forest areas: methods for
establishment and inventory of permanent plots. MAB
Digest 11. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
Dallmeier, F.; Taylor, C. M.; Mayne, J. c.; Kabel, M.;
Rice, R 1992. Effects of Hurricane Hugo on the Bisley Biodiversity Plot, Luquillo Biosphere Reserve,
Puerto Rico. In: Dallmeier, F., ed. Long-term monitoring of biological diversity in tropical forest areas:
Methods for establishment and inventory of permanent
plots. MAB Digest 11. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO):
47-72.
Federal Geographic Data Committee. 1998. Content
standards for digital geospatial metadata (revised
June 1998). FGDC-STD-001-1998. Washington, DC:
Federal Geographic Data Committee.
Fortin, M. J.; Drapeau, P.; Legendre, P. 1989. Spatial autocorrelation and sampling design in plant ecology.
Vegetatio 83:209-222.
Franklin, J. F.; DeBell, D. S. 1988. Thirty-six years of
tree population change in an old-growth PseudotsugaTsuga forest. Can. J. For. Res. 18:633-639.
Franklin, J. F.; Bledsoe, C. S.; Callahan, J. T. 1990. Contributions of the Long-Term Ecological Research Program. BioScience 40:509-523.
Hawk, G. M.; Franklin, J. F.; McKee, W. A.; Brown, R
B. 1978. H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest reference
stand system: establish and use history. U.S. Dept.
Agric., For. Servo Bull. 12. Washington, DC: U.S. International Biosphere Program.
Hinds, W. T. 1984. Towards monitoring of long-term
trends in terrestrial ecosystems. Environ. Conserv.
11:11-18.
Hubbell, S. P.; Foster, R B. 1987. The spatial context of
regeneration in a neotropical forest. In: Gray, A. J.;
Crawley, M. J.; Edwards, P. J., eds. Colonization, succession and stability. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Hurlbert, S. H. 1984. Pseudoreplication and the design
of ecological field experiments. Ecol. Monogr. 54:
187-211.
Jones, K. B. 1986. The inventory and monitoring process.
In: Cooperrider, A. Y.; Boyde, R J.; Stuart, H. R, eds.
Inventory and monitoring of wildlife habitat. Denver:
U.S.DJ. Bureau of Land Manage., Servo Center: 1-10.
Kalkhan, M. A.; Stohlgren, T. J.; Coughenour, M. 1995.
An investigation of biodiversity and landscape-scale
gap patterns using double sampling: a GIS approach.
Vancouver, B.C.: In: Proceedings of the ninth conference on geographic information systems: 708-712.
Kanciruk, P.; Olson, R J.; McCord, R A. 1986. Data
quality assurance in a research database: the 1984 national surface water survey. In: Michener, W. K., ed.
Research data managementin the ecological sciences.
Belle W. Baruch Library in Marine Science Number
16. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press:
193-208.
Kareiva, P. M.; Anderson, M. 1988. Spatial aspects of