50
environmental management of large river systems. Environ. Manage. 11:607-617.
Angermeier, P. L.; Winston, M. R. 1998. Local vs. regional influences on local diversity in stream fish communities of Virginia. Ecology 79(3):911-927.
Arno, S. F.; Simmermann, D. G.; Keane, R. E. 1985.
Forest succession on four habitat types in western
Montana. INT-GTR-I77. Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept.
Agric., Intermountain For. Range Exp. Sta.
Austin, M. P. 1985. Continuum concept, ordination methods and niche theory. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 16:39-61.
Austin, M. P. 1991. Vegetation theory in relation to costefficient surveys. In: Margules, C. R.; Austin, M. P.,
eds. Nature conservation: cost effective biological surveys and data analysis. Melbourne: Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research Organization:
17-22.
Austin, M. P.; Margules, C. R. 1986. Assessing representativeness. In: Usher, M. B., ed. Wildlife conservation evaluation. London: Chapman and Hall: 45-67.
Austin, M. P.; Pausas, J. G.; Nicholls, A. O. 1996. Patterns of tree species richness in relation to environment in southeastern New South Wales, Australia.
Aust. 1. Ecol. 21:154-164.
Bailey, R G. 1995. Description of the ecoregions of the
United States. Misc. Publ. 1391. Washington, DC:
U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Servo
Bailey, R G. 1996. Multiscale ecosystem analysis. Environ. Monit. Assess. 39:21-24.
Bailey, R. G.; Jensen, M. E.; Cleland, D. T.; Bourgeron,
P. S. 1994. Design and use of ecological mapping
units. In: Jensen, M. E.; Bourgeron, P. S., eds. Volume II: ecosystem management: principles and applications. PNW-GTR-318. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept.
Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.: 95-106.
Baker, W. L. 1992a. Effects of settlement and fire suppression on landscape structure. Ecology 73:18791887.
Baker, W. L. 1992b. The landscape ecology of large disturbances in the design and management of nature reserves. Landscape Ecol. 7:181-194.
Band, L. E.; Patterson, P.; Nemani, R; Running, S. W.
1993. Forest ecosystem processes at the watershed
scale: incorporating hillslope hydrology. Agr. For.
Meteorol. 63:93-126.
Bayley, P. B.; Li, H. W. 1992. Riverine fishes. In: Calow,
P.; Petts, G. E., eds. The rivers handbook. London:
Blackwell Scientific: 251-281.
Belbin, L. 1993. Environmental representativeness: regional partitioning and reserve selection. BioI. Conservo 66:223-230.
Benedict, N. B. 1983. Plant associations of subalpine
meadows, Sequoia National Park, California. Arctic
Alp. Res. 15(3):383-396.
Bourgeron, P. S.; Jensen, M. E. 1994. An overview of
ecological principles for ecosystem management. In:
Jensen, M. E.; Bourgeron, P. S., eds. Volume II:
ecosystem management: principles and applications.
PNW-GTR-318. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For.
Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.: 45-67.
Ecosystem Characterization and Ecological Assessments
Bourgeron, P. S.; Humphries, H. c.; DeVelice, R. L.
1994a. Ecological theory in relation to landscape and
ecosystem characterization. In: Jensen, M. E.; Bourgeron, P. S., eds. Volume II: ecosystem management:
principles and applications. PNW-GTR-318. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific
Northw. Res. Sta.: 61-75.
Bourgeron, P. S.; Humphries, H. C.; Jensen, M. E. 1994b.
Landscape characterization: a framework for ecological assessment at regional and local scales. 1. Sustain.
For. 2(3-4):267-281.
Bourgeron, P. S.; Jensen, M. E.; Engelking, L. D.;
Everett, R L.; Humphries, H. C. 1995. Landscape
ecology, conservation biology, and principles of
ecosystem management. In: Everett, R L.; Baumgartner, D. M., eds. Proceedings, ecosystem management
in western interior forests, May 3-5, 1994. Pullman,
W A: Dept. Natural Resource Sciences, Washington
State University: 41-47.
Bourgeron, P. S.; Humphries, H. c.; Barber, J. A;
Turner, S. J.; Jensen, M. E.; Goodman, I. A. 1999. Impact of broad- and fine-scale patterns on regional landscape characterization using AVHRR-derived land
cover data. Ecosystem Health 5: 234-258.
Brown, J. H. 1984. On the relationship between the abundance and distribution of species. Amer. Naturalist
124:255-279.
Bunce, R G. H.; Barr, C. J.; Clarke, R T.; Howard,
D. C.; Lane, A. M. 1. 1996. Land classification for strategic ecological survey. 1. Environ. Manage. 47:37-60.
Burke, I. c.; Schimel, D. S.; Yonker, C. M.; Parton,
W. J.; Joyce, L. A; Lauenroth, W. K. 1990. Regional
modeling of grassland biogeochemistry using GIS.
Landscape Ecol. 4:44-54.
Caley, M. J.; Schluter, D. 1997. The relationship between
local and regional diversity. Ecology 78(1):70-80.
Cherrill, A J.; McClean, c.; Watson, P.; Rushton, S. P.;
Sanderson, R. 1995. Predicting the distributions of
plant species at the regional scale: a hierarchical matrix model. Landscape Ecol. 10:197-207.
Christensen, N. L.; Agee, J. K.; Brussard, P. F.; Hughes,
J.; Knight, D. H.; Minshall, G. W.; Peek, J. M.; Pyne,
S. J.; Swanson, F. J.; Thomas, J. W.; Wells, S.;
Williams, S. E.; Wright, H. A 1989. Interpreting the
Yellowstone fires of 1988. BioScience 39:678-685.
Cohen, W. B.; Spies, T. A 1992. Estimating structural
attributes of Douglas-fir/western hemlock forest
stands from Landsat and SPOT imagery. Remote Sens.
Environ. 41 :1-17.
Cohen, W. B.; Spies, T. A; Fiorella, M. 1995. Estimating the age and structure of forests in a multi-ownership landscape of western Oregon, USA. Int. 1. Remote Sens. 16:721-746.
Costanza, R; Wainger, L.; Folke, c.; Maler, K. 1993.
Modeling complex ecological economic systems. BioScience 43:545-555.
Davis, F. W.; Quattrochi, D. A.; Ridd, M. K.; Lam,
N. S. N.; Walsh, S. J.; Michaelsen, J. c.; Franklin, J.;
Stow, D. A; Johannsen, C. J.; Johnston, C. A 1991.
environmental management of large river systems. Environ. Manage. 11:607-617.
Angermeier, P. L.; Winston, M. R. 1998. Local vs. regional influences on local diversity in stream fish communities of Virginia. Ecology 79(3):911-927.
Arno, S. F.; Simmermann, D. G.; Keane, R. E. 1985.
Forest succession on four habitat types in western
Montana. INT-GTR-I77. Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept.
Agric., Intermountain For. Range Exp. Sta.
Austin, M. P. 1985. Continuum concept, ordination methods and niche theory. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 16:39-61.
Austin, M. P. 1991. Vegetation theory in relation to costefficient surveys. In: Margules, C. R.; Austin, M. P.,
eds. Nature conservation: cost effective biological surveys and data analysis. Melbourne: Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research Organization:
17-22.
Austin, M. P.; Margules, C. R. 1986. Assessing representativeness. In: Usher, M. B., ed. Wildlife conservation evaluation. London: Chapman and Hall: 45-67.
Austin, M. P.; Pausas, J. G.; Nicholls, A. O. 1996. Patterns of tree species richness in relation to environment in southeastern New South Wales, Australia.
Aust. 1. Ecol. 21:154-164.
Bailey, R G. 1995. Description of the ecoregions of the
United States. Misc. Publ. 1391. Washington, DC:
U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Servo
Bailey, R G. 1996. Multiscale ecosystem analysis. Environ. Monit. Assess. 39:21-24.
Bailey, R. G.; Jensen, M. E.; Cleland, D. T.; Bourgeron,
P. S. 1994. Design and use of ecological mapping
units. In: Jensen, M. E.; Bourgeron, P. S., eds. Volume II: ecosystem management: principles and applications. PNW-GTR-318. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept.
Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.: 95-106.
Baker, W. L. 1992a. Effects of settlement and fire suppression on landscape structure. Ecology 73:18791887.
Baker, W. L. 1992b. The landscape ecology of large disturbances in the design and management of nature reserves. Landscape Ecol. 7:181-194.
Band, L. E.; Patterson, P.; Nemani, R; Running, S. W.
1993. Forest ecosystem processes at the watershed
scale: incorporating hillslope hydrology. Agr. For.
Meteorol. 63:93-126.
Bayley, P. B.; Li, H. W. 1992. Riverine fishes. In: Calow,
P.; Petts, G. E., eds. The rivers handbook. London:
Blackwell Scientific: 251-281.
Belbin, L. 1993. Environmental representativeness: regional partitioning and reserve selection. BioI. Conservo 66:223-230.
Benedict, N. B. 1983. Plant associations of subalpine
meadows, Sequoia National Park, California. Arctic
Alp. Res. 15(3):383-396.
Bourgeron, P. S.; Jensen, M. E. 1994. An overview of
ecological principles for ecosystem management. In:
Jensen, M. E.; Bourgeron, P. S., eds. Volume II:
ecosystem management: principles and applications.
PNW-GTR-318. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For.
Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.: 45-67.
Ecosystem Characterization and Ecological Assessments
Bourgeron, P. S.; Humphries, H. c.; DeVelice, R. L.
1994a. Ecological theory in relation to landscape and
ecosystem characterization. In: Jensen, M. E.; Bourgeron, P. S., eds. Volume II: ecosystem management:
principles and applications. PNW-GTR-318. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific
Northw. Res. Sta.: 61-75.
Bourgeron, P. S.; Humphries, H. C.; Jensen, M. E. 1994b.
Landscape characterization: a framework for ecological assessment at regional and local scales. 1. Sustain.
For. 2(3-4):267-281.
Bourgeron, P. S.; Jensen, M. E.; Engelking, L. D.;
Everett, R L.; Humphries, H. C. 1995. Landscape
ecology, conservation biology, and principles of
ecosystem management. In: Everett, R L.; Baumgartner, D. M., eds. Proceedings, ecosystem management
in western interior forests, May 3-5, 1994. Pullman,
W A: Dept. Natural Resource Sciences, Washington
State University: 41-47.
Bourgeron, P. S.; Humphries, H. c.; Barber, J. A;
Turner, S. J.; Jensen, M. E.; Goodman, I. A. 1999. Impact of broad- and fine-scale patterns on regional landscape characterization using AVHRR-derived land
cover data. Ecosystem Health 5: 234-258.
Brown, J. H. 1984. On the relationship between the abundance and distribution of species. Amer. Naturalist
124:255-279.
Bunce, R G. H.; Barr, C. J.; Clarke, R T.; Howard,
D. C.; Lane, A. M. 1. 1996. Land classification for strategic ecological survey. 1. Environ. Manage. 47:37-60.
Burke, I. c.; Schimel, D. S.; Yonker, C. M.; Parton,
W. J.; Joyce, L. A; Lauenroth, W. K. 1990. Regional
modeling of grassland biogeochemistry using GIS.
Landscape Ecol. 4:44-54.
Caley, M. J.; Schluter, D. 1997. The relationship between
local and regional diversity. Ecology 78(1):70-80.
Cherrill, A J.; McClean, c.; Watson, P.; Rushton, S. P.;
Sanderson, R. 1995. Predicting the distributions of
plant species at the regional scale: a hierarchical matrix model. Landscape Ecol. 10:197-207.
Christensen, N. L.; Agee, J. K.; Brussard, P. F.; Hughes,
J.; Knight, D. H.; Minshall, G. W.; Peek, J. M.; Pyne,
S. J.; Swanson, F. J.; Thomas, J. W.; Wells, S.;
Williams, S. E.; Wright, H. A 1989. Interpreting the
Yellowstone fires of 1988. BioScience 39:678-685.
Cohen, W. B.; Spies, T. A 1992. Estimating structural
attributes of Douglas-fir/western hemlock forest
stands from Landsat and SPOT imagery. Remote Sens.
Environ. 41 :1-17.
Cohen, W. B.; Spies, T. A; Fiorella, M. 1995. Estimating the age and structure of forests in a multi-ownership landscape of western Oregon, USA. Int. 1. Remote Sens. 16:721-746.
Costanza, R; Wainger, L.; Folke, c.; Maler, K. 1993.
Modeling complex ecological economic systems. BioScience 43:545-555.
Davis, F. W.; Quattrochi, D. A.; Ridd, M. K.; Lam,
N. S. N.; Walsh, S. J.; Michaelsen, J. c.; Franklin, J.;
Stow, D. A; Johannsen, C. J.; Johnston, C. A 1991.