2.7 References
erarchical framework for the analysis of scale. Landscape Ecol. 3:193-205.
Pahl-Wostl, C. 1995. The dynamic nature of ecosystems:
chaos and order entwined. New York: John Wiley &
Sons.
Pimm, S. L. 1991. The balance ofnature? Ecological issues in the conservation of species and communities.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 115-134.
Ricklefs, R. E.; Schluter, D. 1993. Species diversity: regional and historical influences. In: Ricklefs, R. E.;
Schluter, D., eds. Species diversity in ecological communities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press:
350-363.
Schaffer, W. M.; Kot, M. 1986a. Chaos in ecological systems: the coals that Newcastle forgot. Trend. Ecol.
Evolut. 1:58-63.
Schaffer, W. M.; Kot, M. 1986b. Differential systems in
ecology and epidemiology. In: Holden, A.V., ed.
Chaos. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press:
158-178.
Shepherd, S. A.; Brown, L. D. 1993. What is an abalone
stock? Implications for the role of refugia in conservation. Can. 1. Fisheries Aquat. Sci. 50:2001-2009.
Sugihara, G.; May, R. M. 1990. Nonlinear forecasting as
a way of distinguishing chaos from measurement error in time series. Nature 344:734-741.
Turner, M. G.; Romme, W. H. 1994. Landscape dynamics in crown fire ecosystems. Landscape Ecol.
9:59-65.
39
Turner, S. J. 1995. Scale, observation and measurement:
critical choices for biodiversity research. In: Boyle, T.
J. B.; Boontawee, B., eds. Measuring and monitoring
biodiversity in tropical and temperate forests. Jakarta:
Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR):
97-111.
Urban, D. L.; O'Neill, R. V.; Shugart, H. H., Jr. 1989.
Landscape ecology. BioScience 37:119-127.
Volterra, V. 1926. Fluctuations in the abundance of a
species considered mathematically. Nature 118:558560.
Vos, C. c.; Opdam, P., editors. 1993. Landscape ecology of a stressed environment. London: Chapman &
Hall.
Whitaker, R. H. 1956. Vegetation of the Great Smoky
Mountains. Ecol. Monogr. 26:1-80.
Whitaker, R. H. 1972. Communities and ecosystems.
New York: Macmillan.
Wiens, J. A. 1989. Spatial scaling in ecology. Funct.
Ecol. 3:385-397.
Wiens, J. A.; Milne, B. T. 1989. Scaling of "landscapes"
in landscape ecology, or, landscape ecology from a
beetle's perspective. Landscape Ecol. 3:87-96.
Wiens, J. A.; Crawford, C. S.; Gosz, J. R. 1985. Boundary dynamics: a conceptual framework for studying
landscape ecosystems. Oikos 45:421-427.
Wu, J.; Loucks, O. L. 1995. From balance of nature to
hierarchical patch dynamics: a paradigm shift in ecology. Quart. Rev. BioI. 70:439-466.
erarchical framework for the analysis of scale. Landscape Ecol. 3:193-205.
Pahl-Wostl, C. 1995. The dynamic nature of ecosystems:
chaos and order entwined. New York: John Wiley &
Sons.
Pimm, S. L. 1991. The balance ofnature? Ecological issues in the conservation of species and communities.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 115-134.
Ricklefs, R. E.; Schluter, D. 1993. Species diversity: regional and historical influences. In: Ricklefs, R. E.;
Schluter, D., eds. Species diversity in ecological communities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press:
350-363.
Schaffer, W. M.; Kot, M. 1986a. Chaos in ecological systems: the coals that Newcastle forgot. Trend. Ecol.
Evolut. 1:58-63.
Schaffer, W. M.; Kot, M. 1986b. Differential systems in
ecology and epidemiology. In: Holden, A.V., ed.
Chaos. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press:
158-178.
Shepherd, S. A.; Brown, L. D. 1993. What is an abalone
stock? Implications for the role of refugia in conservation. Can. 1. Fisheries Aquat. Sci. 50:2001-2009.
Sugihara, G.; May, R. M. 1990. Nonlinear forecasting as
a way of distinguishing chaos from measurement error in time series. Nature 344:734-741.
Turner, M. G.; Romme, W. H. 1994. Landscape dynamics in crown fire ecosystems. Landscape Ecol.
9:59-65.
39
Turner, S. J. 1995. Scale, observation and measurement:
critical choices for biodiversity research. In: Boyle, T.
J. B.; Boontawee, B., eds. Measuring and monitoring
biodiversity in tropical and temperate forests. Jakarta:
Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR):
97-111.
Urban, D. L.; O'Neill, R. V.; Shugart, H. H., Jr. 1989.
Landscape ecology. BioScience 37:119-127.
Volterra, V. 1926. Fluctuations in the abundance of a
species considered mathematically. Nature 118:558560.
Vos, C. c.; Opdam, P., editors. 1993. Landscape ecology of a stressed environment. London: Chapman &
Hall.
Whitaker, R. H. 1956. Vegetation of the Great Smoky
Mountains. Ecol. Monogr. 26:1-80.
Whitaker, R. H. 1972. Communities and ecosystems.
New York: Macmillan.
Wiens, J. A. 1989. Spatial scaling in ecology. Funct.
Ecol. 3:385-397.
Wiens, J. A.; Milne, B. T. 1989. Scaling of "landscapes"
in landscape ecology, or, landscape ecology from a
beetle's perspective. Landscape Ecol. 3:87-96.
Wiens, J. A.; Crawford, C. S.; Gosz, J. R. 1985. Boundary dynamics: a conceptual framework for studying
landscape ecosystems. Oikos 45:421-427.
Wu, J.; Loucks, O. L. 1995. From balance of nature to
hierarchical patch dynamics: a paradigm shift in ecology. Quart. Rev. BioI. 70:439-466.