28.8 References
erogeneity and disturbance. New York: Springer-Verlag: 15-34.
Morrill, R.; Gaile, G.; Thrall, G. 1. 1988. Spatial diffusion. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). 1988. Earth system science: a closer view.
Washington, DC: Author.
Norgaard, R. B. 1989. The case for methodological pluralism. Ecol. Econ. 1:37-57.
Nyamweru, C. 1998. Sacred groves and environmental
conservation. Frank P. Piskor Lecture. Canton, NY:
St. Lawrence University.
Olson, J. M. 1994. Farmer responses to land degradation in Gikongoro, Rwanda. Ph.D. dissertation. East
Lansing, MI: Department of Geography, Michigan
State University.
Olson, J. M. 1998. Intensification processes and political bounds: a framework of land use change in the
East African Highlands. Paper presented at Earth's
Changing Land: Joint Global Change and Terrestrial
Ecosystems and Land Use and Land Cover Change
Open Science Conference on Global Change; March
1998, Barcelona, Spain.
Olson, J. M., Manyara, G.; Campbell; D. J.; Lusch, D.;
Hu, J. 1995. Exploring methods for integrating data
on socio-economic and environmental processes that
influence land use change: a pilot project. Report to
the Biodiversity Support Program. Washington, DC:
World Wildlife Fund.
Peet, R 1985. The social origins of environmental determinism. Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geogra. 75(3):309-333.
Peet, R.; Thrift, N. J., editors. 1989. New models in geography: the political-economy perspective. London
and Winchester, MA: Unwin Hyman.
Peet, R; Watts, M., editors. 1996. Liberation ecologies:
environment, development, social movements. London
and New York: Routledge.
Rastetter, E. B.; King, A. W.; Cosby, B. J.; Hornberger,
G. M.; O'Neill, R. V.; Hobbie, J. E. 1992. Aggregating fine-scale ecological knowledge to model coarserscale attributes of ecosystems. Eco!. Appl. 2(1):55-70.
Rees, P. H. 1997. The second demographic transition:
what does it mean for the future of Europe's population? Environ. Plan. A 29:381-390.
Robinson, W. S. 1950. Ecological correlations and the
behavior of individuals. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 15:351357.
Rocheleau, D.; Steinberg, P. E.; Benjamin, P. A. 1994.
A hundred years of crisis? Environment and development narratives in Ukambani, Kenya. Boston: African
Studies Center, Boston University.
Rocheleau, D.; Thomas-Slayter, B.; Wangari, E., editors.
1996. Feminist political ecology: global issues and local experiences. New York: Routledge.
Sack, R D. 1980. Conceptions of space in social thought:
a geographic perspective. Minneapolis: University of
Minnesota Press.
See1and, K., editor. 1997. Nature is culture: indigenous
knowledge and socio-cultural aspects of trees and
435
forests in non-European cultures. London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
Simon, J. L. 1986. Theory of population and economic
growth. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
Simon, J. L. 1992. Population and development in poor
countries: selected essays. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press.
Stutz, F. P.; de Souza, A. R 1998. The world economy:
resources, location, trade, and development. Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Thomas, W. L. 1956. Man's role in changing the face of
the earth. Published for the Wenner-Gren Foundation
for Anthropological Research and the National Science Foundation. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press.
Tiffen, M.; Mortimore, M.; Gichuki F. 1994. More people less erosion: environmental recovery in Kenya.
Nairobi: ACTS Press in association with the Overseas
Development Institute, London.
Todaro, M. P. 1969. A model of labor migration and urban unemployment in less developed countries. Amer.
Econ. Rev. 59:138-148.
Turner, M. G. 1990. Spatial and temporal analysis of
landscape patterns. Landscape Ecol. 4(1):21-30.
Turner, M. G.; Dale, V. H.; Gardner, R. H. 1989. Predicting across scales: theory development and testing.
Landscape Eco!. 3(3/4):245-252.
Turner, B. L., II; Clark, W. c.; Kates, R W.; Richards,
J. F.; Mathews, J. T.; Meyer, W. B., editors. 1993a.
The earth as transformed by human action: global and
regional changes in the biosphere over the past 300
years. New York: Cambridge University Press with
Clark University.
Turner, B. L., II; Hyden, G.; Kates, W. R 1993b. Population growth and agricultural change in Africa.
Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
Turner, B. L., II; Skole, D.; Sanderson, S.; Fischer, G.;
Fresco, L.; Leemans, R 1995. Land-use and landcover change (LUCC): science/research plan. IGBP
Report, No. 35. HDP Report No.7. Stockholm: International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme.
Vandermeer, J. 1994. The naivete of the natural: a natural scientist looking at social scientists looking at natural scientists. In: Guizlo, M., ed. Political ecology
workshop: conference proceedings; April 14-17,
1994. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University.
Warren, D. M. 1991. Using indigenous knowledge in
agricultural development. Washington, DC: The
World Bank.
Wong, D. 1996. Aggregation effects in geo-referenced
data. In: Griffith, D. A.; Arlinghaus, S., eds. Practical
handbook on spatial statistics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC
Press.
Wood, E. F., Sivapalan, M.; Beven, K.; Band, L. 1988.
Effects of spatial variability and scale with implications to hydrologic modeling. 1. Hydrol. 102:29-47.
Zimmerer, K. 1994. Human geography and the "new
ecology": the prospect and promise of integration.
Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geogr. 84(1):108-125.
erogeneity and disturbance. New York: Springer-Verlag: 15-34.
Morrill, R.; Gaile, G.; Thrall, G. 1. 1988. Spatial diffusion. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). 1988. Earth system science: a closer view.
Washington, DC: Author.
Norgaard, R. B. 1989. The case for methodological pluralism. Ecol. Econ. 1:37-57.
Nyamweru, C. 1998. Sacred groves and environmental
conservation. Frank P. Piskor Lecture. Canton, NY:
St. Lawrence University.
Olson, J. M. 1994. Farmer responses to land degradation in Gikongoro, Rwanda. Ph.D. dissertation. East
Lansing, MI: Department of Geography, Michigan
State University.
Olson, J. M. 1998. Intensification processes and political bounds: a framework of land use change in the
East African Highlands. Paper presented at Earth's
Changing Land: Joint Global Change and Terrestrial
Ecosystems and Land Use and Land Cover Change
Open Science Conference on Global Change; March
1998, Barcelona, Spain.
Olson, J. M., Manyara, G.; Campbell; D. J.; Lusch, D.;
Hu, J. 1995. Exploring methods for integrating data
on socio-economic and environmental processes that
influence land use change: a pilot project. Report to
the Biodiversity Support Program. Washington, DC:
World Wildlife Fund.
Peet, R 1985. The social origins of environmental determinism. Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geogra. 75(3):309-333.
Peet, R.; Thrift, N. J., editors. 1989. New models in geography: the political-economy perspective. London
and Winchester, MA: Unwin Hyman.
Peet, R; Watts, M., editors. 1996. Liberation ecologies:
environment, development, social movements. London
and New York: Routledge.
Rastetter, E. B.; King, A. W.; Cosby, B. J.; Hornberger,
G. M.; O'Neill, R. V.; Hobbie, J. E. 1992. Aggregating fine-scale ecological knowledge to model coarserscale attributes of ecosystems. Eco!. Appl. 2(1):55-70.
Rees, P. H. 1997. The second demographic transition:
what does it mean for the future of Europe's population? Environ. Plan. A 29:381-390.
Robinson, W. S. 1950. Ecological correlations and the
behavior of individuals. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 15:351357.
Rocheleau, D.; Steinberg, P. E.; Benjamin, P. A. 1994.
A hundred years of crisis? Environment and development narratives in Ukambani, Kenya. Boston: African
Studies Center, Boston University.
Rocheleau, D.; Thomas-Slayter, B.; Wangari, E., editors.
1996. Feminist political ecology: global issues and local experiences. New York: Routledge.
Sack, R D. 1980. Conceptions of space in social thought:
a geographic perspective. Minneapolis: University of
Minnesota Press.
See1and, K., editor. 1997. Nature is culture: indigenous
knowledge and socio-cultural aspects of trees and
435
forests in non-European cultures. London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
Simon, J. L. 1986. Theory of population and economic
growth. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
Simon, J. L. 1992. Population and development in poor
countries: selected essays. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press.
Stutz, F. P.; de Souza, A. R 1998. The world economy:
resources, location, trade, and development. Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Thomas, W. L. 1956. Man's role in changing the face of
the earth. Published for the Wenner-Gren Foundation
for Anthropological Research and the National Science Foundation. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press.
Tiffen, M.; Mortimore, M.; Gichuki F. 1994. More people less erosion: environmental recovery in Kenya.
Nairobi: ACTS Press in association with the Overseas
Development Institute, London.
Todaro, M. P. 1969. A model of labor migration and urban unemployment in less developed countries. Amer.
Econ. Rev. 59:138-148.
Turner, M. G. 1990. Spatial and temporal analysis of
landscape patterns. Landscape Ecol. 4(1):21-30.
Turner, M. G.; Dale, V. H.; Gardner, R. H. 1989. Predicting across scales: theory development and testing.
Landscape Eco!. 3(3/4):245-252.
Turner, B. L., II; Clark, W. c.; Kates, R W.; Richards,
J. F.; Mathews, J. T.; Meyer, W. B., editors. 1993a.
The earth as transformed by human action: global and
regional changes in the biosphere over the past 300
years. New York: Cambridge University Press with
Clark University.
Turner, B. L., II; Hyden, G.; Kates, W. R 1993b. Population growth and agricultural change in Africa.
Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
Turner, B. L., II; Skole, D.; Sanderson, S.; Fischer, G.;
Fresco, L.; Leemans, R 1995. Land-use and landcover change (LUCC): science/research plan. IGBP
Report, No. 35. HDP Report No.7. Stockholm: International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme.
Vandermeer, J. 1994. The naivete of the natural: a natural scientist looking at social scientists looking at natural scientists. In: Guizlo, M., ed. Political ecology
workshop: conference proceedings; April 14-17,
1994. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University.
Warren, D. M. 1991. Using indigenous knowledge in
agricultural development. Washington, DC: The
World Bank.
Wong, D. 1996. Aggregation effects in geo-referenced
data. In: Griffith, D. A.; Arlinghaus, S., eds. Practical
handbook on spatial statistics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC
Press.
Wood, E. F., Sivapalan, M.; Beven, K.; Band, L. 1988.
Effects of spatial variability and scale with implications to hydrologic modeling. 1. Hydrol. 102:29-47.
Zimmerer, K. 1994. Human geography and the "new
ecology": the prospect and promise of integration.
Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geogr. 84(1):108-125.