25.9 References
ternational symposium on erosion, debris flow, and
disaster prevention, Tsukba, Japan: 273-278.
Swanson, F. J.; Benda, L. E.; Duncan, S. H.; Grant,
G. E.; Megahan, W. F.; Reid, L. M.; Ziemer, R. R.
1987. Mass failures and other processes of sediment
production in Pacific Northwest forest landscapes. In:
Salo, E. 0.; Cundy, T. W., eds. Streamside management: forestry and fishery interactions. Seattle, W A:
Institute of Forest Resources, University of Washington: 9-38.
Swanston, D. N. 1978. The effect of geology on soil mass
movement activity in the Pacific Northwest. In:
Youngberg, C. T., ed. Forest soils and land use; proceedings of the fifth North American forest soils conference. Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University:
89-115.
Swanston, D. N. 1991. Natural processes. In: Meehan,
W. R., ed. Influences of forest and rangeland management on salmonid fishes and their habitat.
Bethesda, MD: Amer. Fisheries Special Publication:
139-179.
Swetnam, T. W.; Betancourt, J. L. 1990. Fire-southern
oscillation relations in the Southwestern United States.
Science 249:1017-1020.
Taylor, A. B.; Schwartz, H. E. 1952. Unit hydrograph
lag and peak flow related to basin characteristics.
Amer. Geophys. Union Trans. 33:235-246.
Thomas, M. P. 1966. Effects of glacial geology upon the
time distribution of streamflow in eastern and southern Connecticut. 550-B, 209-212. Washington, DC:
U.S. Geological Survey.
Thompson, A. 1986. Secondary flows and the pool-riffle unit: a case study of the processes of meander development. Earth Surf. Process. Land! 11 :631-641.
Thomes, J. B. 1983. Evolutionary geomorphology.
Trans. Inst. Brit. Geogr. 8:225-235.
Thornthwaite, C. W. 1948. An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geol. Rev. 38:55-94.
Touysinhthiphonexaym, K. C. N.; Gardner, T. W. 1984.
Threshold response of small streams to surface coal
mining, bituminous coal fields, central Pennsylvania.
Earth Surf Process. Land! 9:43-58.
Tricart, C. R. 1974. Structural geomorphology. New
York: Longman.
Vannote, R. L.; Minshall, G. W.; Cummins, K. W.;
389
Sedell, J. R.; Cushing, C. E. 1980. The river continuum concept. Can. J. Fisheries Aquat. Sci. 37:130137.
VanSickle, J.; Beschta, R. L. 1983. Supply-based models of suspended sediment transport in streams. Water
Resour. Res. 19(3):768-778.
Varnes, D. J., editor. 1979. Slope movement types and
processes. Landslides: analysis and control, 176. Nat!.
Academy Sci. Special Report: 11-33.
Webb, R. H.; Betancourt, J. L. 1990. Climate effects on
flood frequency: an example from southern Arizona.
Sixth annual Pacific climate workshop, Tech. Rep. 23.
Sacramento, CA: Interagency Ecology Study Program,
California Department of Water Resources: 62-66.
Wharton, G. 1995. Information from channel geometry
discharge relations. In: GurneU, A.; Petts, G., eds.
Changing river channels. New York: John Wiley &
Sons: 325-340.
Wheeler, D. A. 1979. The overall shape of longitudinal
profiles of streams. In: Pitty, A. F., ed. Geographical
approaches to fluvial processes. Norwich: Geo Abstracts: 300.
White, E. L. 1975. Factor analysis of drainage basin
properties: classification of flood behavior in terms of
basin geomorphology. Water Resour. Bull. 11(4):676687.
Whiting, P. J.; Pomerants, M. 1997. A numerical study
of bank flow and its contribution to streamflow. J. Hydrol.202:121-136.
Williams, G. P. 1987. Unit hydraulic geometry-an indicator of channel changes. Washington, DC: U.S.
Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2230:77-89.
Winkler, R. D.; Rothwell, R. L. 1983. Biogeoclimatic
classification system for hydrological interpretation.
Can. J. For. Res. 13:1043-1050.
Winter, T. C. 1977. Classification of the hydrologic settings of lakes in the north central United States. Water Resour. Res. 13:752-767.
Wolman, M. G.; Gerson, R. 1978. Relative scales of time
and effectiveness of climate in watershed geomorphology. Earth Surf. Process. Land! 3:189-208.
Wood-Smith, R. D.; Buffington, J. M. 1996. Multivariate geomorphic analysis of forest streams: Implications for assessment of land use impacts on channel
conditions. Earth Surf. Process. Land! 21:377-393.
ternational symposium on erosion, debris flow, and
disaster prevention, Tsukba, Japan: 273-278.
Swanson, F. J.; Benda, L. E.; Duncan, S. H.; Grant,
G. E.; Megahan, W. F.; Reid, L. M.; Ziemer, R. R.
1987. Mass failures and other processes of sediment
production in Pacific Northwest forest landscapes. In:
Salo, E. 0.; Cundy, T. W., eds. Streamside management: forestry and fishery interactions. Seattle, W A:
Institute of Forest Resources, University of Washington: 9-38.
Swanston, D. N. 1978. The effect of geology on soil mass
movement activity in the Pacific Northwest. In:
Youngberg, C. T., ed. Forest soils and land use; proceedings of the fifth North American forest soils conference. Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University:
89-115.
Swanston, D. N. 1991. Natural processes. In: Meehan,
W. R., ed. Influences of forest and rangeland management on salmonid fishes and their habitat.
Bethesda, MD: Amer. Fisheries Special Publication:
139-179.
Swetnam, T. W.; Betancourt, J. L. 1990. Fire-southern
oscillation relations in the Southwestern United States.
Science 249:1017-1020.
Taylor, A. B.; Schwartz, H. E. 1952. Unit hydrograph
lag and peak flow related to basin characteristics.
Amer. Geophys. Union Trans. 33:235-246.
Thomas, M. P. 1966. Effects of glacial geology upon the
time distribution of streamflow in eastern and southern Connecticut. 550-B, 209-212. Washington, DC:
U.S. Geological Survey.
Thompson, A. 1986. Secondary flows and the pool-riffle unit: a case study of the processes of meander development. Earth Surf. Process. Land! 11 :631-641.
Thomes, J. B. 1983. Evolutionary geomorphology.
Trans. Inst. Brit. Geogr. 8:225-235.
Thornthwaite, C. W. 1948. An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geol. Rev. 38:55-94.
Touysinhthiphonexaym, K. C. N.; Gardner, T. W. 1984.
Threshold response of small streams to surface coal
mining, bituminous coal fields, central Pennsylvania.
Earth Surf Process. Land! 9:43-58.
Tricart, C. R. 1974. Structural geomorphology. New
York: Longman.
Vannote, R. L.; Minshall, G. W.; Cummins, K. W.;
389
Sedell, J. R.; Cushing, C. E. 1980. The river continuum concept. Can. J. Fisheries Aquat. Sci. 37:130137.
VanSickle, J.; Beschta, R. L. 1983. Supply-based models of suspended sediment transport in streams. Water
Resour. Res. 19(3):768-778.
Varnes, D. J., editor. 1979. Slope movement types and
processes. Landslides: analysis and control, 176. Nat!.
Academy Sci. Special Report: 11-33.
Webb, R. H.; Betancourt, J. L. 1990. Climate effects on
flood frequency: an example from southern Arizona.
Sixth annual Pacific climate workshop, Tech. Rep. 23.
Sacramento, CA: Interagency Ecology Study Program,
California Department of Water Resources: 62-66.
Wharton, G. 1995. Information from channel geometry
discharge relations. In: GurneU, A.; Petts, G., eds.
Changing river channels. New York: John Wiley &
Sons: 325-340.
Wheeler, D. A. 1979. The overall shape of longitudinal
profiles of streams. In: Pitty, A. F., ed. Geographical
approaches to fluvial processes. Norwich: Geo Abstracts: 300.
White, E. L. 1975. Factor analysis of drainage basin
properties: classification of flood behavior in terms of
basin geomorphology. Water Resour. Bull. 11(4):676687.
Whiting, P. J.; Pomerants, M. 1997. A numerical study
of bank flow and its contribution to streamflow. J. Hydrol.202:121-136.
Williams, G. P. 1987. Unit hydraulic geometry-an indicator of channel changes. Washington, DC: U.S.
Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2230:77-89.
Winkler, R. D.; Rothwell, R. L. 1983. Biogeoclimatic
classification system for hydrological interpretation.
Can. J. For. Res. 13:1043-1050.
Winter, T. C. 1977. Classification of the hydrologic settings of lakes in the north central United States. Water Resour. Res. 13:752-767.
Wolman, M. G.; Gerson, R. 1978. Relative scales of time
and effectiveness of climate in watershed geomorphology. Earth Surf. Process. Land! 3:189-208.
Wood-Smith, R. D.; Buffington, J. M. 1996. Multivariate geomorphic analysis of forest streams: Implications for assessment of land use impacts on channel
conditions. Earth Surf. Process. Land! 21:377-393.