1.7 References
Ecosystem management. Seattle, W A: University of
Washington Press: 62-86.
Christensen, N. L. 1996. The scientific basis for sustainable use of land. In: Diamond, H. L.; Noonan, P.,
eds. The use of land. Washington, DC: Island Press:
273-308.
Christensen N. L.; Franklin, J. F. 1996. Ecosystem
processes and ecosystem management. In: Christensen, N. L.; Simpson, D., eds. Human activities and
ecosystem function. New York: Chapman-Hall, Inc.:
1-23.
Christensen, N. L.; Bartuska, A.; Brown, J. H.; Carpenter, S.; D' Antonion, c.; Francis, R.; Franklin, J. F.;
MacMahon, J. A.; Noss, R F.; Parsons, D. 1.; Peterson, C. H.; Turner, M. G.; Woodmansee, R G. 1996.
The scientific basis for ecosystem management. Ecol.
Appl. 6:665-691.
Cleland, David T.; Avers, Peter E.; McNab, W. Henry;
Jensen, Mark E.; Bailey, Robert G.; King, Thomas;
Russell, Walter E. 1997. National hierarchical framework of ecological units. In: Boyce, Mark S; Haney,
Alan, eds. Ecosystem management: applications for
sustainable forest and wildlife resources. New Haven,
CT, and London: Yale University Press: 181-200.
Costanza, R.; Maxwell, T. 1994. Resolution and predictability-an approach to the scaling problem. Landscape Ecol. 9:47-57.
Costanza, R; Wainger, L.; Folke, C.; Maler, K. 1993.
Modeling complex ecological economic systems. BioScience 43:545-555.
Davis, F. W.; Quattrochi, D.; Ridd, M. K.; Lam, N. S.;
Walsh, S. J.; Michaelsen, J. C.; Franklin, J.; Stow,
D. A.; Johnannsen, C. J.; Johnston, C. A. 1991. Environmental analysis using integrated GIS and remotely
sensed data: some research needs and priorities. Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sensing 57:689-697.
Diamond, H. L.; Noonan, P., editors. 1987. The use of
land. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Driscoll, R S.; Merkel, D. L.; Radlof, D. L.; Snyder,
D. E.; Hagihara, J. S. 1984. An ecological land classificationframeworkfor the United States. Misc. Publ.
1439. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Servo
Everett, Richard; Hessburg, Paul; Jensen, Mark; Bormann, Bernard. 1994. Volume 1: executive summary.
PNW-GTR-317. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For.
Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.
Fedkiw, J. 1999. Managing mUltiple uses on National
Forests, 1905-1995. FS-628. Washington, DC: U.S.
Dept. Agric., For. Servo
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 1976. A
framework for land evaluation. Soils Bulletin 32.
Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.
Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team (FEMAT). 1993. Forest ecosystem management: an ecological, economic and social assessment. Report of the
Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team.
Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Printing Off. 1993793071.
Forman, R T. T.; Godron, M. 1986. Landscape ecology.
New York: John Wiley & Sons.
27
Grossarth, 0.; Nygren, T. 1994. Implementing ecosystem management through the forest planning process.
In: Jensen, M. E.; Bourgeron, P. S., tech. eds. Volume
II: Ecosystem management: principles and applications. PNW-GTR-318. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept.
Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.: 276-284.
Grumbine, R E. 1994. What is ecosystem management?
Conserv. BioI. 8:27-38.
Hann, W.; Keane, R R; McNicoll, C.; Menakis, J. 1994.
Assessment techniques for evaluating ecosystem
processes, and community and landscape conditions.
In: Jensen, M. E.; Bourgeron, P. S., tech. eds. Volume
II: Ecosystem management: principles and applications. PNW-GTR-318. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept.
Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.: 237-253.
Haynes, R W.; Graham, R T.; Quigley, T. M. 1996. A
framework for ecosystem management in the interior
Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and
Great Basins. PNW-GTR-374. Portland, OR: U.S.
Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.
Hofmann, E. E. 1991. How do we generalize coastal
models to global scale? In: Mantoura, R F. c.; Martin, J. M.; Wollast, R., eds. Ocean margin processes
in global change. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Holling, C. S. 1973. Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 4:1-24.
Holling, C. S., editor. 1978. Adaptive environmental assessment and management. London: John Wiley &
Sons.
Holling, C. S. 1986. The resilience of terrestrial ecosystems: local surprise and global change. In: Clark,
W. M.; Munn, R E., eds. Sustainable development in
the biosphere. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press:
292-320.
Hunter, M. 1991. Coping with ignorance: the coarsefilter strategy for maintaining biodiversity. In: Kohn,
K. A., ed. Balancing on the brink of extinction: the
endangered species act and lessons for the future.
Washington, DC: Island Press: 256-281.
Hutchinson, G. E. 1953. The concept of pattern in ecology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 105:1-12.
Jensen, M. E.; Bourgeron, P. S., editors. 1994. Volume
II: Ecosystem management: principles and applications. PNW-GTR-318. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept.
Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.
Jensen, M. E.; Everett, R 1994. An overview of ecosystem management principles. In: Jensen, M. E.; Bourgeron, P. S., tech. eds. Volume II: Ecosystem management: principles and applications. PNW-GTR-318.
Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific
Northw. Res. Sta.: 6-15.
Jensen, Mark E.; Bourgeron, Patrick; Everett, Richard;
Goodman, Iris. 1996. Ecosystem management: a landscape ecology perspective. J. Amer. Water Resour. Assoc. 32:203-216.
Kauffman, S. A.; Johnson, S. 1991. Coevolution to the
edge of chaos: coupled fitness landscapes, poised
states, and coevolutionary avalanches. J. Theor. BioI.
149:467-505.
Ecosystem management. Seattle, W A: University of
Washington Press: 62-86.
Christensen, N. L. 1996. The scientific basis for sustainable use of land. In: Diamond, H. L.; Noonan, P.,
eds. The use of land. Washington, DC: Island Press:
273-308.
Christensen N. L.; Franklin, J. F. 1996. Ecosystem
processes and ecosystem management. In: Christensen, N. L.; Simpson, D., eds. Human activities and
ecosystem function. New York: Chapman-Hall, Inc.:
1-23.
Christensen, N. L.; Bartuska, A.; Brown, J. H.; Carpenter, S.; D' Antonion, c.; Francis, R.; Franklin, J. F.;
MacMahon, J. A.; Noss, R F.; Parsons, D. 1.; Peterson, C. H.; Turner, M. G.; Woodmansee, R G. 1996.
The scientific basis for ecosystem management. Ecol.
Appl. 6:665-691.
Cleland, David T.; Avers, Peter E.; McNab, W. Henry;
Jensen, Mark E.; Bailey, Robert G.; King, Thomas;
Russell, Walter E. 1997. National hierarchical framework of ecological units. In: Boyce, Mark S; Haney,
Alan, eds. Ecosystem management: applications for
sustainable forest and wildlife resources. New Haven,
CT, and London: Yale University Press: 181-200.
Costanza, R.; Maxwell, T. 1994. Resolution and predictability-an approach to the scaling problem. Landscape Ecol. 9:47-57.
Costanza, R; Wainger, L.; Folke, C.; Maler, K. 1993.
Modeling complex ecological economic systems. BioScience 43:545-555.
Davis, F. W.; Quattrochi, D.; Ridd, M. K.; Lam, N. S.;
Walsh, S. J.; Michaelsen, J. C.; Franklin, J.; Stow,
D. A.; Johnannsen, C. J.; Johnston, C. A. 1991. Environmental analysis using integrated GIS and remotely
sensed data: some research needs and priorities. Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sensing 57:689-697.
Diamond, H. L.; Noonan, P., editors. 1987. The use of
land. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Driscoll, R S.; Merkel, D. L.; Radlof, D. L.; Snyder,
D. E.; Hagihara, J. S. 1984. An ecological land classificationframeworkfor the United States. Misc. Publ.
1439. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Servo
Everett, Richard; Hessburg, Paul; Jensen, Mark; Bormann, Bernard. 1994. Volume 1: executive summary.
PNW-GTR-317. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For.
Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.
Fedkiw, J. 1999. Managing mUltiple uses on National
Forests, 1905-1995. FS-628. Washington, DC: U.S.
Dept. Agric., For. Servo
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 1976. A
framework for land evaluation. Soils Bulletin 32.
Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.
Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team (FEMAT). 1993. Forest ecosystem management: an ecological, economic and social assessment. Report of the
Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team.
Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Printing Off. 1993793071.
Forman, R T. T.; Godron, M. 1986. Landscape ecology.
New York: John Wiley & Sons.
27
Grossarth, 0.; Nygren, T. 1994. Implementing ecosystem management through the forest planning process.
In: Jensen, M. E.; Bourgeron, P. S., tech. eds. Volume
II: Ecosystem management: principles and applications. PNW-GTR-318. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept.
Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.: 276-284.
Grumbine, R E. 1994. What is ecosystem management?
Conserv. BioI. 8:27-38.
Hann, W.; Keane, R R; McNicoll, C.; Menakis, J. 1994.
Assessment techniques for evaluating ecosystem
processes, and community and landscape conditions.
In: Jensen, M. E.; Bourgeron, P. S., tech. eds. Volume
II: Ecosystem management: principles and applications. PNW-GTR-318. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept.
Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.: 237-253.
Haynes, R W.; Graham, R T.; Quigley, T. M. 1996. A
framework for ecosystem management in the interior
Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and
Great Basins. PNW-GTR-374. Portland, OR: U.S.
Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.
Hofmann, E. E. 1991. How do we generalize coastal
models to global scale? In: Mantoura, R F. c.; Martin, J. M.; Wollast, R., eds. Ocean margin processes
in global change. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Holling, C. S. 1973. Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 4:1-24.
Holling, C. S., editor. 1978. Adaptive environmental assessment and management. London: John Wiley &
Sons.
Holling, C. S. 1986. The resilience of terrestrial ecosystems: local surprise and global change. In: Clark,
W. M.; Munn, R E., eds. Sustainable development in
the biosphere. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press:
292-320.
Hunter, M. 1991. Coping with ignorance: the coarsefilter strategy for maintaining biodiversity. In: Kohn,
K. A., ed. Balancing on the brink of extinction: the
endangered species act and lessons for the future.
Washington, DC: Island Press: 256-281.
Hutchinson, G. E. 1953. The concept of pattern in ecology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 105:1-12.
Jensen, M. E.; Bourgeron, P. S., editors. 1994. Volume
II: Ecosystem management: principles and applications. PNW-GTR-318. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept.
Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.
Jensen, M. E.; Everett, R 1994. An overview of ecosystem management principles. In: Jensen, M. E.; Bourgeron, P. S., tech. eds. Volume II: Ecosystem management: principles and applications. PNW-GTR-318.
Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific
Northw. Res. Sta.: 6-15.
Jensen, Mark E.; Bourgeron, Patrick; Everett, Richard;
Goodman, Iris. 1996. Ecosystem management: a landscape ecology perspective. J. Amer. Water Resour. Assoc. 32:203-216.
Kauffman, S. A.; Johnson, S. 1991. Coevolution to the
edge of chaos: coupled fitness landscapes, poised
states, and coevolutionary avalanches. J. Theor. BioI.
149:467-505.