14.8 References
Bragg, T. B.; Hulbert, L. C. 1976. Woody plant invasion
of unburned Kansas bluestem prairie. J. Range Manage. 29:19-24.
Broadbent, S. R.; Hammersley, J. M. 1957. Percolation
processes: crystals and mazes. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc.
53:629-641.
Brown, W. K.; Karpp, R. R.; Grady, D. E. 1983. Fragmentation of the universe. Astrophys. Space Sci.
94:401-412.
Burrough, P. A 1981. Fractal dimensions of landscapes
and other environmental data. Nature 294:241-243.
Burrough, P. A. 1983a. Multiscale sources of spatial variation in soil: I. application of fractal concepts to nested
levels of soil variations. J. Soil Sci. 34:577-597.
Burrough, P. A. 1983b. Multiscale sources of spatial variation in soil: II. a non-Brownian fractal model and its
application in soil survey. J. Soil Sci. 34:599-620.
Casti, J. 1982. Catastrophes, control and the inevitability of spruce budworm outbreaks. Ecol. Model.
14:293-300.
Clark, P. J.; Evans, F. C. 1954. Distance to nearest neighbour as a measure of spatial relationships in populations. Ecology 35:445-453.
Cox, J. T.; Durrett, R. 1988. Limit theorems for the
spread of epidemics and forest fires. Stoch. Proc. Appl.
30:171-191.
DeCola, L. 1989. Fractal analysis of a classified landsat
scene. Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sensing 55:601-610.
Farmer, J. D.; Ott, E.; Yorke, J. A 1983. The dimension
of chaotic attractors. Physica 7D:153-180.
Feng, D.; Lin, M.; Jiang, C.; Liu, X. 1991. Fuzzy fractals: theory and application. Proc. fractal theory and
its application. Wuhan: Central China University of
Technology Press: 116.
Flory, P. J. 1941. Molecular size distribution in three dimensional polymers (I-III). J. Amer. Chem. Soc.
63:3083-3100.
Frontier, S. 1987. Applications of fractal theory to ecology. In: Legendre, P.; Legendre, L., eds. Developments
in numerical ecology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag: 335378.
Gardner, R. H.; Milne, B. T.; Turner, M. G.; O'Neill,
R. V. 1987. Neutral models for the analysis of broadscale landscape pattern. Landscape Ecol. 1: 19-28.
Gatto, M.; Rinaldi, S. 1987. Some models of catastrophic
behavior in exploited forests. Vegetatio 69:213-222.
Goodchild, M. F.; Mark, D. M. 1987. The fractal nature
of geographic phenomena. Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geogr.
77:265-278.
Gosz, J. R. 1992. Ecological functions in biome transition zones: translating local responses to broad-scale
dynamics. In: Hansen, A. J.; di Castri, F., eds. Landscape boundaries: consequences for biotic diversity
and landscape flows. New York: Springer-Verlag:
55-75.
Grassberger, P. 1983. On the critical behavior of a general epidemic process and dynamic percolation. Math.
Biosci.63:157-172.
Grassberger, P. 1985. On the spreading of two-dimensional percolation. 1. Physics A 18:L215-L219.
Grassberger, P.; Procaccia, I. 1983. Measuring the
209
strangeness of strange attractors. Physica D 9:189208.
Harris, L. D. 1984. Thefragmentedforest. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Harte, J.; Kinzig, A; Green, J. 1999. Self-similarity in
the distribution and abundance of species. Science
284:334-336.
Haslett, J. R. 1994. Community structure and the fractal
dimensions of mountain habitats. J. Theor. Bioi. 167:
407-411.
Hastings, H. M.; Pekelney, R.; Monticciolo, R.; Kannon,
D. V.; Monte, D. D. 1982. Time scales, persistence
and patchiness. Biosystems 15:281-289.
Knight, C. L.; Briggs, J. M.; Nellis, M. D. 1994. Expansion of gallery forest on Konza Prairie research natural area, Kansas, USA. Landscape Ecol. 9:117-125.
Krummel, J. R.; Gardner, R. H.; Sugihara, G.; O'Neill,
R. V.; Coleman, P. R. 1987. Landscape patterns in disturbed environment. Oikos 48:321-324.
Li, B. 1986. Pansystems analysis: a new approach to
ecosystem modelling. Ecol. Model. 32:227-236.
Li, B. 1993. A theoretical framework for analysis of
cluster-phase dynamics. Bull. ESA 74:329.
Li, B. 1995. Stability analysis of a nonhomogeneous
Markovian landscape model. Ecol. Model. 82:247256.
Li, B. 1998. Wavelet-based multiscale analysis in landscape ecology. Proceedings of 1998 joint statistical
meeting, August 9-13, 1998, Dallas, TX: 283.
Li, B. 2000. Fractal geometry applications in description
and analysis of patch patterns and patch dynamics.
Ecol. Model. 132:33-50.
Li, B.; Archer, S. 1997. Weighted mean patch size: a robust index for quantifying landscape structure. Ecol.
Model. 102:353-361.
Li, B.; Wu, Y.; Wu, J. 1992. Patchiness and patch dynamics: II. description and analysis. Chinese J. Ecol.
11:28-37.
Li, B.; Loehle, c.; Malon, D. 1996. Microbial transport
through heterogeneous porous media: random walk,
fractal, and percolation approaches. Ecol. Model.
85:285-302.
Loehle, C. 1989. Forest-level analysis of stability under
exploitation: depensation responses and catastrophe
theory. Vegetatio 79:109-115.
Loehle, C. 1990. Home range: a fractal approach. Landscape Ecol. 5:39-52.
Loehle, c.; Li, B. 1996a. Habitat destruction and the extinction debt revisited. Ecol. Appl. 6:784-789.
Loehle, c.; Li, B. 1996b. Statistical properties of ecological and geologic fractals. Ecol. Model. 85:271284.
Loehle, C.; Wein, G. 1994. Landscape habitat diversity:
a multiscale information theory approach. Ecol.
Model. 73:311-329.
Loehle, C.; Li, B.; Sundell, R. C. 1996. Forest spread
and phase transitions at forest-prairie ecotones in
Kansas, U.S.A Landscape Ecol. 11:225-235.
Lovejoy, S.; Schertzer, D.; Ladoy, P. 1986. Fractal characterization of inhomogeneous geophysical measuring
networks. Nature 319:43-44.
Bragg, T. B.; Hulbert, L. C. 1976. Woody plant invasion
of unburned Kansas bluestem prairie. J. Range Manage. 29:19-24.
Broadbent, S. R.; Hammersley, J. M. 1957. Percolation
processes: crystals and mazes. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc.
53:629-641.
Brown, W. K.; Karpp, R. R.; Grady, D. E. 1983. Fragmentation of the universe. Astrophys. Space Sci.
94:401-412.
Burrough, P. A 1981. Fractal dimensions of landscapes
and other environmental data. Nature 294:241-243.
Burrough, P. A. 1983a. Multiscale sources of spatial variation in soil: I. application of fractal concepts to nested
levels of soil variations. J. Soil Sci. 34:577-597.
Burrough, P. A. 1983b. Multiscale sources of spatial variation in soil: II. a non-Brownian fractal model and its
application in soil survey. J. Soil Sci. 34:599-620.
Casti, J. 1982. Catastrophes, control and the inevitability of spruce budworm outbreaks. Ecol. Model.
14:293-300.
Clark, P. J.; Evans, F. C. 1954. Distance to nearest neighbour as a measure of spatial relationships in populations. Ecology 35:445-453.
Cox, J. T.; Durrett, R. 1988. Limit theorems for the
spread of epidemics and forest fires. Stoch. Proc. Appl.
30:171-191.
DeCola, L. 1989. Fractal analysis of a classified landsat
scene. Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sensing 55:601-610.
Farmer, J. D.; Ott, E.; Yorke, J. A 1983. The dimension
of chaotic attractors. Physica 7D:153-180.
Feng, D.; Lin, M.; Jiang, C.; Liu, X. 1991. Fuzzy fractals: theory and application. Proc. fractal theory and
its application. Wuhan: Central China University of
Technology Press: 116.
Flory, P. J. 1941. Molecular size distribution in three dimensional polymers (I-III). J. Amer. Chem. Soc.
63:3083-3100.
Frontier, S. 1987. Applications of fractal theory to ecology. In: Legendre, P.; Legendre, L., eds. Developments
in numerical ecology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag: 335378.
Gardner, R. H.; Milne, B. T.; Turner, M. G.; O'Neill,
R. V. 1987. Neutral models for the analysis of broadscale landscape pattern. Landscape Ecol. 1: 19-28.
Gatto, M.; Rinaldi, S. 1987. Some models of catastrophic
behavior in exploited forests. Vegetatio 69:213-222.
Goodchild, M. F.; Mark, D. M. 1987. The fractal nature
of geographic phenomena. Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geogr.
77:265-278.
Gosz, J. R. 1992. Ecological functions in biome transition zones: translating local responses to broad-scale
dynamics. In: Hansen, A. J.; di Castri, F., eds. Landscape boundaries: consequences for biotic diversity
and landscape flows. New York: Springer-Verlag:
55-75.
Grassberger, P. 1983. On the critical behavior of a general epidemic process and dynamic percolation. Math.
Biosci.63:157-172.
Grassberger, P. 1985. On the spreading of two-dimensional percolation. 1. Physics A 18:L215-L219.
Grassberger, P.; Procaccia, I. 1983. Measuring the
209
strangeness of strange attractors. Physica D 9:189208.
Harris, L. D. 1984. Thefragmentedforest. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Harte, J.; Kinzig, A; Green, J. 1999. Self-similarity in
the distribution and abundance of species. Science
284:334-336.
Haslett, J. R. 1994. Community structure and the fractal
dimensions of mountain habitats. J. Theor. Bioi. 167:
407-411.
Hastings, H. M.; Pekelney, R.; Monticciolo, R.; Kannon,
D. V.; Monte, D. D. 1982. Time scales, persistence
and patchiness. Biosystems 15:281-289.
Knight, C. L.; Briggs, J. M.; Nellis, M. D. 1994. Expansion of gallery forest on Konza Prairie research natural area, Kansas, USA. Landscape Ecol. 9:117-125.
Krummel, J. R.; Gardner, R. H.; Sugihara, G.; O'Neill,
R. V.; Coleman, P. R. 1987. Landscape patterns in disturbed environment. Oikos 48:321-324.
Li, B. 1986. Pansystems analysis: a new approach to
ecosystem modelling. Ecol. Model. 32:227-236.
Li, B. 1993. A theoretical framework for analysis of
cluster-phase dynamics. Bull. ESA 74:329.
Li, B. 1995. Stability analysis of a nonhomogeneous
Markovian landscape model. Ecol. Model. 82:247256.
Li, B. 1998. Wavelet-based multiscale analysis in landscape ecology. Proceedings of 1998 joint statistical
meeting, August 9-13, 1998, Dallas, TX: 283.
Li, B. 2000. Fractal geometry applications in description
and analysis of patch patterns and patch dynamics.
Ecol. Model. 132:33-50.
Li, B.; Archer, S. 1997. Weighted mean patch size: a robust index for quantifying landscape structure. Ecol.
Model. 102:353-361.
Li, B.; Wu, Y.; Wu, J. 1992. Patchiness and patch dynamics: II. description and analysis. Chinese J. Ecol.
11:28-37.
Li, B.; Loehle, c.; Malon, D. 1996. Microbial transport
through heterogeneous porous media: random walk,
fractal, and percolation approaches. Ecol. Model.
85:285-302.
Loehle, C. 1989. Forest-level analysis of stability under
exploitation: depensation responses and catastrophe
theory. Vegetatio 79:109-115.
Loehle, C. 1990. Home range: a fractal approach. Landscape Ecol. 5:39-52.
Loehle, c.; Li, B. 1996a. Habitat destruction and the extinction debt revisited. Ecol. Appl. 6:784-789.
Loehle, c.; Li, B. 1996b. Statistical properties of ecological and geologic fractals. Ecol. Model. 85:271284.
Loehle, C.; Wein, G. 1994. Landscape habitat diversity:
a multiscale information theory approach. Ecol.
Model. 73:311-329.
Loehle, C.; Li, B.; Sundell, R. C. 1996. Forest spread
and phase transitions at forest-prairie ecotones in
Kansas, U.S.A Landscape Ecol. 11:225-235.
Lovejoy, S.; Schertzer, D.; Ladoy, P. 1986. Fractal characterization of inhomogeneous geophysical measuring
networks. Nature 319:43-44.