9.10 References
McHarg, I. L. 1969. Design with nature. Garden City,
NY: Natural History Press.
Miller, D. 1994. Coupling of process-based vegetation
models to GIS and knowledge-based systems for
analysis of vegetation change. In: Michener, W. K., et
aI., eds. Environmental information management and
analysis. Bristol, PA: Taylor and Francis: 497-509.
Moore, E. H.; Witham, J. W. 1996. From forest to farm
and back again: land use history as a dimension of ecological research in coastal Maine. Environ. Hist.
1(3):50-69.
Olson, S. 1987. Red destinies: the landscape of environmental risk in Madagascar. Hum. Ecol. 15(1):67-89.
O'Neill, R. V. 1988. Hierarchy theory and global change.
In: Rosswall, T., et aI., eds. Scales and global change.
Chichester: John Wiley & Sons: 29-45.
Open Systems Group, ed. 1981. Systems behaviour, 3rd
ed. London: Paul Chapman.
Patten, B. C. 1994. Ecological systems engineering: toward integrated management of natural and human
complexity in the ecosphere. Ecol. Modelling
75176:653-665.
Pickles, J., editor. 1995. Ground truth: the social implications of geographic information systems. New York:
Guilford Press.
Reynolds, K.; Cunningham, P.; Bednar, L.; Olson, R.;
Schmoldt, D.; Latham, D.; Miller, B.; Steffenson, J.
1996. A knowledge-based information management
system for watershed analysis in the Pacific Northwest
U.S. AI Application 10(2):9-21.
Rowe, J. S. 1996. Land classification and ecosystem classification. Environ. Monit. Assess. 39: 11-20.
Russell, C. S. 1996. Integrating ecology and economics
via regional modeling. Eco/. Appl. 6(4):1025-1030.
Saarenmaa, H.; Perttunen, J.; Vakeva, J.; Nikula, A.
1994. Object-oriented modelling of tasks and agents
in integrated forest health management. AI Applications 8(1):43-59.
Sample, V. A., editor. 1994. Remote sensing and GIS in
ecosystem management. Washington, DC: Island
Press.
Saunders, M. c.; Coulson, R. N.; Folse, L. J. 1992. Applications of artificial intelligence to agriCUlture and
natural resource management. In: Kent, A.; Williams,
J. G., eds., Encyclopedia of computer science and technology, Vol. 25, Suppl. 10. New York: Marcel Dekker:
1-14.
Schneider, D. C. 1994. Quantitative ecology: spatial and
temporal scaling. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Sharpe, B.; Slocombe, D. S. 1995. Building a GIS database for ecosystem modelling in the Grand River
Basin, Ontario. In: Power, J. M.; Strome, M.; Daniel,
T. c., eds. Proceedings of decision support-200l.
Bethesda, MD: Amer. Soc. Photogramm. Remote
Sensing: 846-859.
Shopley, J. B.; Fuggle, R. F. 1984. A comprehensive review of current environmental impact assessment
methods and techniques. J. Environ. Manage. 18:2547.
Slocombe, D. S. 1990. Assessing transformation and sus131
tainability in the Great Lakes Basin. GeoJournal
21(3):251-272.
Slocombe, D. S. 1992. Environmental monitoring in protected areas: review and prospect. Environ. Monit. Assess. 21(1):49-78.
Slocombe, D. S. 1993. Environmental planning, ecosystem science, and ecosystem approaches for integrating environment and development. Environ. Manage.
17(3):289-303.
Slocombe, D. S. 1995. Understanding regions: a framework for description and analysis. Can. J. Reg. Sci.
18(2):161-178.
Slocombe, D. S. 1997. Chaos, complexity and selforganisation-an annotated bibliography and review
essay on management and design in complex systems
from organisations to ecosystems. Waterloo, ON:
WLU Geography and Environmental Studies and
Business.
Slocombe, D. S. 1998. Defining goals and criteria for
ecosystem-based management. Environ. Manage.
22(4):483-493.
Slocombe, D. S.; Sharpe, B. 1997. Scale, pattern, and
interaction: toward assessing sustainability in the
Grand River Basin, Ontario, Canada. Manuscript.
Originally Presented at Ecological Summit, Copenhagen, Denmark, August 1996.
Smith, C. L. 1994. Connecting cultural and biological diversity in restoring northwest salmon. Fisheries
19(2):20-26.
Southern Appalachian Man and the Biosphere
(SAMAB). 1996. The Southern Appalachian assessment. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv.,
Southern Region. 5 vol.
Steedman, R. J. 1988. Modification and assessment of
an index of biotic integrity to quantify stream quality
in southern Ontario. Can. J. Fisheries Aquat. Sci.
45:492-501.
Susskind, L.; Cruikshank, J. 1987. Breaking the impasse-consensual approaches to resolving public
disputes. New York: Basic Books.
Svedin, U. 1991. The contextual features of the economy-eco1ogy dialogue. In: Fo1ke, C.; Kaberger, T.,
eds. Linking the natural environment and the economy: essays from the Eco-Eco Group. Dordrecht:
Kluwer: 3-29.
Thomas, G. L.; Backus, E. H.; Christensen, H. H.;
Weigand, J. 1991. Prince William Sound: Copper
River: North Gulf of Alaska ecosystem. Cordova, AK:
Prince William Sound Science Centre and Copper
River Delta Institute and Washington, D.C.: Conservation International.
van der Weide, J. 1993. A systems view of integrated
coastal management. Ocean Coast. Manage. 21:129148.
Victor, P. A.; Kay, J. J.; Ruitenbeek, H. J. 1991. Economic, ecological, and decision theories: indicators of
ecologically sustainable development. Ottawa, ON:
Canadian Environmental Advisory Council.
Weinberg, G. M. 1975. An introduction to general systems thinking. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
McHarg, I. L. 1969. Design with nature. Garden City,
NY: Natural History Press.
Miller, D. 1994. Coupling of process-based vegetation
models to GIS and knowledge-based systems for
analysis of vegetation change. In: Michener, W. K., et
aI., eds. Environmental information management and
analysis. Bristol, PA: Taylor and Francis: 497-509.
Moore, E. H.; Witham, J. W. 1996. From forest to farm
and back again: land use history as a dimension of ecological research in coastal Maine. Environ. Hist.
1(3):50-69.
Olson, S. 1987. Red destinies: the landscape of environmental risk in Madagascar. Hum. Ecol. 15(1):67-89.
O'Neill, R. V. 1988. Hierarchy theory and global change.
In: Rosswall, T., et aI., eds. Scales and global change.
Chichester: John Wiley & Sons: 29-45.
Open Systems Group, ed. 1981. Systems behaviour, 3rd
ed. London: Paul Chapman.
Patten, B. C. 1994. Ecological systems engineering: toward integrated management of natural and human
complexity in the ecosphere. Ecol. Modelling
75176:653-665.
Pickles, J., editor. 1995. Ground truth: the social implications of geographic information systems. New York:
Guilford Press.
Reynolds, K.; Cunningham, P.; Bednar, L.; Olson, R.;
Schmoldt, D.; Latham, D.; Miller, B.; Steffenson, J.
1996. A knowledge-based information management
system for watershed analysis in the Pacific Northwest
U.S. AI Application 10(2):9-21.
Rowe, J. S. 1996. Land classification and ecosystem classification. Environ. Monit. Assess. 39: 11-20.
Russell, C. S. 1996. Integrating ecology and economics
via regional modeling. Eco/. Appl. 6(4):1025-1030.
Saarenmaa, H.; Perttunen, J.; Vakeva, J.; Nikula, A.
1994. Object-oriented modelling of tasks and agents
in integrated forest health management. AI Applications 8(1):43-59.
Sample, V. A., editor. 1994. Remote sensing and GIS in
ecosystem management. Washington, DC: Island
Press.
Saunders, M. c.; Coulson, R. N.; Folse, L. J. 1992. Applications of artificial intelligence to agriCUlture and
natural resource management. In: Kent, A.; Williams,
J. G., eds., Encyclopedia of computer science and technology, Vol. 25, Suppl. 10. New York: Marcel Dekker:
1-14.
Schneider, D. C. 1994. Quantitative ecology: spatial and
temporal scaling. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Sharpe, B.; Slocombe, D. S. 1995. Building a GIS database for ecosystem modelling in the Grand River
Basin, Ontario. In: Power, J. M.; Strome, M.; Daniel,
T. c., eds. Proceedings of decision support-200l.
Bethesda, MD: Amer. Soc. Photogramm. Remote
Sensing: 846-859.
Shopley, J. B.; Fuggle, R. F. 1984. A comprehensive review of current environmental impact assessment
methods and techniques. J. Environ. Manage. 18:2547.
Slocombe, D. S. 1990. Assessing transformation and sus131
tainability in the Great Lakes Basin. GeoJournal
21(3):251-272.
Slocombe, D. S. 1992. Environmental monitoring in protected areas: review and prospect. Environ. Monit. Assess. 21(1):49-78.
Slocombe, D. S. 1993. Environmental planning, ecosystem science, and ecosystem approaches for integrating environment and development. Environ. Manage.
17(3):289-303.
Slocombe, D. S. 1995. Understanding regions: a framework for description and analysis. Can. J. Reg. Sci.
18(2):161-178.
Slocombe, D. S. 1997. Chaos, complexity and selforganisation-an annotated bibliography and review
essay on management and design in complex systems
from organisations to ecosystems. Waterloo, ON:
WLU Geography and Environmental Studies and
Business.
Slocombe, D. S. 1998. Defining goals and criteria for
ecosystem-based management. Environ. Manage.
22(4):483-493.
Slocombe, D. S.; Sharpe, B. 1997. Scale, pattern, and
interaction: toward assessing sustainability in the
Grand River Basin, Ontario, Canada. Manuscript.
Originally Presented at Ecological Summit, Copenhagen, Denmark, August 1996.
Smith, C. L. 1994. Connecting cultural and biological diversity in restoring northwest salmon. Fisheries
19(2):20-26.
Southern Appalachian Man and the Biosphere
(SAMAB). 1996. The Southern Appalachian assessment. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv.,
Southern Region. 5 vol.
Steedman, R. J. 1988. Modification and assessment of
an index of biotic integrity to quantify stream quality
in southern Ontario. Can. J. Fisheries Aquat. Sci.
45:492-501.
Susskind, L.; Cruikshank, J. 1987. Breaking the impasse-consensual approaches to resolving public
disputes. New York: Basic Books.
Svedin, U. 1991. The contextual features of the economy-eco1ogy dialogue. In: Fo1ke, C.; Kaberger, T.,
eds. Linking the natural environment and the economy: essays from the Eco-Eco Group. Dordrecht:
Kluwer: 3-29.
Thomas, G. L.; Backus, E. H.; Christensen, H. H.;
Weigand, J. 1991. Prince William Sound: Copper
River: North Gulf of Alaska ecosystem. Cordova, AK:
Prince William Sound Science Centre and Copper
River Delta Institute and Washington, D.C.: Conservation International.
van der Weide, J. 1993. A systems view of integrated
coastal management. Ocean Coast. Manage. 21:129148.
Victor, P. A.; Kay, J. J.; Ruitenbeek, H. J. 1991. Economic, ecological, and decision theories: indicators of
ecologically sustainable development. Ottawa, ON:
Canadian Environmental Advisory Council.
Weinberg, G. M. 1975. An introduction to general systems thinking. New York: John Wiley & Sons.