parameters, and the results of the experiments were used to infer how
changes in management activities and environmental processes might affect
wolf populations. This approach to modeling will help address new questions about how wolves are managed in the western Great Lakes region as
the population continues to recover and is removed from the Federal
Endangered Species List. This modeling approach should also contribute to
the recovery and management of other endangered species.
Acknowledgments. Funds for our gray wolf modeling projects were provided by the National Park Service, the University of Minnesota Graduate
School, the University of Minnesota Conservation Biology Graduate
Program, and the North Central Research Station of the USDA Forest
Service. We appreciate greatly the contributions of Dave Mech to our work.
References
Beissinger, S.R. and M.I. Westphal. 1998. On the use of demographic models of
population viability in endangered species management. Journal of Wildlife
Management 62:821–841.
Boyce, M.S. 1992a. Population viability analysis. Annual Review of Ecology and
Systematics 23:481–506.
Boyce, M.S. 1992b. Wolf recovery for Yellowstone National Park: A simulation model. Pages 123–138 in D.R. McCullough and D.H. Barrett, editors.
Wildlife 2001: Populations. Elsevier Applied Science, New York, New York,
USA.
Cochrane, J.F. 2000. Gray wolves in a small park: Analyzing cumulative effects
through simulation. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis–
St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
Dunning, J.B., B.J. Danielson, B.R. Noon, T.L. Root, R.H. Lamberson, and E.
Stevens. 1995. Spatially explicit population models: Current forms and future uses.
Ecological Applications 5:3–11.
Ellis, S., R.C. Lacy, S. Kennedy-Stoskopf, D.E. Wildt, J. Shillcox, O. Byers, and U.S.
Seal. 1999. Florida Panther Population and Habitat Viability Assessment and
Genetics Workshop Report. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group,
Apple Valley, Minnesota, USA.
Ewins, P., M. de Almeida, P. Miller, and O. Byers. 2000. Population and Habitat
Viability Assessment Workshop for the Wolves of Algonquin Park: Final Report.
IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, Apple Valley, Minnesota,
USA.
Fritts, S.H. and L.N. Carbyn. 1995. Population viability, nature reserves, and the
outlook for gray wolf conservation in North America. Restoration Ecology
3:26–38.
Forbes, G.J. and J.B. Theberge. 1996. Cross-boundary management of Algonquin
Park wolves. Conservation Biology 10:1091–1097.
Fuller, T.K. 1989. Population Dynamics of Wolves in North-Central Minnesota.
Wildlife Monograph 105. The Wildlife Society, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
2. Modeling for Endangered-Species Recovery
43
changes in management activities and environmental processes might affect
wolf populations. This approach to modeling will help address new questions about how wolves are managed in the western Great Lakes region as
the population continues to recover and is removed from the Federal
Endangered Species List. This modeling approach should also contribute to
the recovery and management of other endangered species.
Acknowledgments. Funds for our gray wolf modeling projects were provided by the National Park Service, the University of Minnesota Graduate
School, the University of Minnesota Conservation Biology Graduate
Program, and the North Central Research Station of the USDA Forest
Service. We appreciate greatly the contributions of Dave Mech to our work.
References
Beissinger, S.R. and M.I. Westphal. 1998. On the use of demographic models of
population viability in endangered species management. Journal of Wildlife
Management 62:821–841.
Boyce, M.S. 1992a. Population viability analysis. Annual Review of Ecology and
Systematics 23:481–506.
Boyce, M.S. 1992b. Wolf recovery for Yellowstone National Park: A simulation model. Pages 123–138 in D.R. McCullough and D.H. Barrett, editors.
Wildlife 2001: Populations. Elsevier Applied Science, New York, New York,
USA.
Cochrane, J.F. 2000. Gray wolves in a small park: Analyzing cumulative effects
through simulation. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis–
St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
Dunning, J.B., B.J. Danielson, B.R. Noon, T.L. Root, R.H. Lamberson, and E.
Stevens. 1995. Spatially explicit population models: Current forms and future uses.
Ecological Applications 5:3–11.
Ellis, S., R.C. Lacy, S. Kennedy-Stoskopf, D.E. Wildt, J. Shillcox, O. Byers, and U.S.
Seal. 1999. Florida Panther Population and Habitat Viability Assessment and
Genetics Workshop Report. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group,
Apple Valley, Minnesota, USA.
Ewins, P., M. de Almeida, P. Miller, and O. Byers. 2000. Population and Habitat
Viability Assessment Workshop for the Wolves of Algonquin Park: Final Report.
IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, Apple Valley, Minnesota,
USA.
Fritts, S.H. and L.N. Carbyn. 1995. Population viability, nature reserves, and the
outlook for gray wolf conservation in North America. Restoration Ecology
3:26–38.
Forbes, G.J. and J.B. Theberge. 1996. Cross-boundary management of Algonquin
Park wolves. Conservation Biology 10:1091–1097.
Fuller, T.K. 1989. Population Dynamics of Wolves in North-Central Minnesota.
Wildlife Monograph 105. The Wildlife Society, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
2. Modeling for Endangered-Species Recovery
43