Management investments needed to
enhance use of ecological
modeling for resource
management, 249–259
Management objectives, 49, 62–63
Management planning, heuristics of
pragmatic modeling to support,
40
Management questions, wolf, 27
Managers and decision makers,
educating, 264–271
methods for, 270–271
Markov-decision approach, 147
Markov models, 140
Mathematical models, 7–8
Matrix algebra, 10
Matrix models, 254
Measurements, 49
Measurement error, 189–190
Measures, classes of, 49
Metadata, 173, 184
Metadata requirements, 231
Metapopulation model, 253, 254
Mexican spotted owl habitat, 131–132
Minimum spanning tree, 130
Models
application of, 251–254
examples of, 251
examples of applications of, 252
integration of, 254–256
Model assumptions, communicating,
154
Model communication, 98–99
Model conception, systems thinking
and, 274
Model conceptualization, 170, 171
and design, 135–139
Model development and
implementation, teaching,
277
Model development costs, 100–101
Model errors, 102–103
Model formulation and construction,
182
Model implementation, 140–150
Model limitations, 183
Model makers, 213
Model standards, 152–153
Model structure and output,
communicating, 150–154
Index
325
Model testing, 183
Model use, investment for enhancing,
256–258
Model users, 217
Model verification and calibration,
182–183
Modelers, training, 271–273
Modeler’s toolkit, 224, 237–242
example use of, 238–240
Modeling, 263
consensus building and, 279–280
empirical, 48
philosophy of, 314–315
pragmatic, heuristics of, to support
management planning, 40
process of, 275–276
quantitative, 274–275
relevance and importance of,
264–265
understanding and, 316–317
Modeling issues, data and, 169–170
Models
abuse of, 114
available, 269–270
case-specific, developing new, 256
competing, 102
computational fluid dynamics,
154–157
conceptual, 94–95, 104, 138–139,
181–182
control-theory, 146–147
data used in, 180–183
in decision making, enhancing use of,
249–256
demographic, 23–24
development costs of, 100–101
difference, 10
fuzzy network, 136–137
groundwater 239–240
heuretic, 7
ecological, see Ecological models
Eulerian-Lagrangian, 142–144, 155
interpretation of, communication
and, 276
linked multihierarchical, for decision
support, 157–158
matrix, 254
multiregional, 254
physical population, 27–31
problems with, 114–115
enhance use of ecological
modeling for resource
management, 249–259
Management objectives, 49, 62–63
Management planning, heuristics of
pragmatic modeling to support,
40
Management questions, wolf, 27
Managers and decision makers,
educating, 264–271
methods for, 270–271
Markov-decision approach, 147
Markov models, 140
Mathematical models, 7–8
Matrix algebra, 10
Matrix models, 254
Measurements, 49
Measurement error, 189–190
Measures, classes of, 49
Metadata, 173, 184
Metadata requirements, 231
Metapopulation model, 253, 254
Mexican spotted owl habitat, 131–132
Minimum spanning tree, 130
Models
application of, 251–254
examples of, 251
examples of applications of, 252
integration of, 254–256
Model assumptions, communicating,
154
Model communication, 98–99
Model conception, systems thinking
and, 274
Model conceptualization, 170, 171
and design, 135–139
Model development and
implementation, teaching,
277
Model development costs, 100–101
Model errors, 102–103
Model formulation and construction,
182
Model implementation, 140–150
Model limitations, 183
Model makers, 213
Model standards, 152–153
Model structure and output,
communicating, 150–154
Index
325
Model testing, 183
Model use, investment for enhancing,
256–258
Model users, 217
Model verification and calibration,
182–183
Modelers, training, 271–273
Modeler’s toolkit, 224, 237–242
example use of, 238–240
Modeling, 263
consensus building and, 279–280
empirical, 48
philosophy of, 314–315
pragmatic, heuristics of, to support
management planning, 40
process of, 275–276
quantitative, 274–275
relevance and importance of,
264–265
understanding and, 316–317
Modeling issues, data and, 169–170
Models
abuse of, 114
available, 269–270
case-specific, developing new, 256
competing, 102
computational fluid dynamics,
154–157
conceptual, 94–95, 104, 138–139,
181–182
control-theory, 146–147
data used in, 180–183
in decision making, enhancing use of,
249–256
demographic, 23–24
development costs of, 100–101
difference, 10
fuzzy network, 136–137
groundwater 239–240
heuretic, 7
ecological, see Ecological models
Eulerian-Lagrangian, 142–144, 155
interpretation of, communication
and, 276
linked multihierarchical, for decision
support, 157–158
matrix, 254
multiregional, 254
physical population, 27–31
problems with, 114–115