Mahalanobis, 153, 160, 250
Ochiai, 42, 170, 250
Distance-based Moran’s eigenvector maps
(dbMEM), 315–335, 337, 340–342,
347–349, 356, 363–365
Distance class, see Distance, class
Distance matrix, see Matrix, distance
Distribution
multinormal, 153, 169
Diversity, 7, 9, 21, 300, 369–386, 396,
404–406, 408, 412
alpha, 379, 380, 386, 408, 411, 412
beta, 39, 55, 300, 369, 370, 379–404,
408, 412
multiplicative, 380–382
community, 369–412
functional, 369, 382, 404–411
gamma, 379, 380, 383, 408
genetic, 370
Hill ratio, 375
Hill’s numbers, 375, 380
phylogenetic, 369, 404–411
species, 369–375, 379, 381
taxonomic, 369, 373–378
Double stopping criterion, 320, 324, 335, 348
Double-zero, v, 36, 37, 42, 46, 52, 55, 168,
175, 183, 384
E
Eigenfunction, 315–317, 320, 323, 324, 334,
347–350, 355, 365
spatial, 383
Eigenvalue, 156, 157, 168, 169, 171, 175, 176,
178, 187, 188, 192, 193, 198, 205,
209–211, 217, 220, 222, 277, 279,
281–283, 291, 315–318, 322, 323,
328, 333, 334, 346, 350, 355
negative, 57, 98, 187, 192, 250, 251, 334,
348, 350
Eigenvector, 57, 152, 156, 157, 164, 168, 175,
188, 190, 204–206, 278, 315, 316,
320, 333, 334, 348–355
Entropy, 372, 373, 375, 382, 404, 405, 407, 408
Equilibrium contribution, 160, 168
Euclidean, 35, 36, 38–40, 42, 46–48, 55–57, 68,
96–98, 103, 129, 153, 156, 157, 160,
166, 170, 175, 187, 188, 190, 192,
198, 216, 217, 250, 251, 278, 315,
333, 335, 345, 384, 385, 393, 396, 403
Euclidean distance, see Distance, Euclidean
Evenness, 371–375, 381, 404, 407
Pielou, 372, 375
Explanatory variable, see Variable,
explanatory
Extent, 117, 225, 263, 302, 303, 387
F
Fine scale, see Scale, fine
Flexible clustering, see Clustering, flexible
Forward selection, see Selection, forward
Fourth-corner, 204, 281, 288–291, 294–297,
370, 405
Fraction, 127, 198, 211, 233–237, 243, 302,
309, 329, 330, 332, 333, 348, 360
[a], 234, 235, 332
[b], 234–236, 243
[c], 234, 235
common, 236, 237, 243, 332, 361
F-test, see Test, F
Function
discriminant, 263
identification, 263, 265
structure, 303
Functional diversity, see Diversity, functional
Functional group richness (FGR), 405, 407
Furthest neighbour sorting, 64
Fusion level, 65, 74–77, 81, 139, 405
See also Level, fusion
Fuzzy, 60, 61, 141–150
Fuzzy clustering, see Clustering, fuzzy
G
Gabriel, 334
Gamma, 374, 379, 380, 383, 404, 408, 409
Gamma diversity, see Diversity, gamma
Geographical
coordinates, 5, 48, 306, 308, 356
distances, 48, 304, 306, 315
Google Maps, 16
Grain, 302, 356
H
Heat map, 44, 47, 92–96, 181
Hellinger distance, see Distance, Hellinger
Hellinger transformation, see Transformation,
Hellinger
Helmert, 21, 238, 239, 362, 363, 365, 366
Hierarchical clustering, see Clustering,
hierarchical
Hill numbers, see Diversity, Hill's numbers
Hill ratio, see Diversity, Hill ratio
Holm, see Correction, Holm
Index
429
Ochiai, 42, 170, 250
Distance-based Moran’s eigenvector maps
(dbMEM), 315–335, 337, 340–342,
347–349, 356, 363–365
Distance class, see Distance, class
Distance matrix, see Matrix, distance
Distribution
multinormal, 153, 169
Diversity, 7, 9, 21, 300, 369–386, 396,
404–406, 408, 412
alpha, 379, 380, 386, 408, 411, 412
beta, 39, 55, 300, 369, 370, 379–404,
408, 412
multiplicative, 380–382
community, 369–412
functional, 369, 382, 404–411
gamma, 379, 380, 383, 408
genetic, 370
Hill ratio, 375
Hill’s numbers, 375, 380
phylogenetic, 369, 404–411
species, 369–375, 379, 381
taxonomic, 369, 373–378
Double stopping criterion, 320, 324, 335, 348
Double-zero, v, 36, 37, 42, 46, 52, 55, 168,
175, 183, 384
E
Eigenfunction, 315–317, 320, 323, 324, 334,
347–350, 355, 365
spatial, 383
Eigenvalue, 156, 157, 168, 169, 171, 175, 176,
178, 187, 188, 192, 193, 198, 205,
209–211, 217, 220, 222, 277, 279,
281–283, 291, 315–318, 322, 323,
328, 333, 334, 346, 350, 355
negative, 57, 98, 187, 192, 250, 251, 334,
348, 350
Eigenvector, 57, 152, 156, 157, 164, 168, 175,
188, 190, 204–206, 278, 315, 316,
320, 333, 334, 348–355
Entropy, 372, 373, 375, 382, 404, 405, 407, 408
Equilibrium contribution, 160, 168
Euclidean, 35, 36, 38–40, 42, 46–48, 55–57, 68,
96–98, 103, 129, 153, 156, 157, 160,
166, 170, 175, 187, 188, 190, 192,
198, 216, 217, 250, 251, 278, 315,
333, 335, 345, 384, 385, 393, 396, 403
Euclidean distance, see Distance, Euclidean
Evenness, 371–375, 381, 404, 407
Pielou, 372, 375
Explanatory variable, see Variable,
explanatory
Extent, 117, 225, 263, 302, 303, 387
F
Fine scale, see Scale, fine
Flexible clustering, see Clustering, flexible
Forward selection, see Selection, forward
Fourth-corner, 204, 281, 288–291, 294–297,
370, 405
Fraction, 127, 198, 211, 233–237, 243, 302,
309, 329, 330, 332, 333, 348, 360
[a], 234, 235, 332
[b], 234–236, 243
[c], 234, 235
common, 236, 237, 243, 332, 361
F-test, see Test, F
Function
discriminant, 263
identification, 263, 265
structure, 303
Functional diversity, see Diversity, functional
Functional group richness (FGR), 405, 407
Furthest neighbour sorting, 64
Fusion level, 65, 74–77, 81, 139, 405
See also Level, fusion
Fuzzy, 60, 61, 141–150
Fuzzy clustering, see Clustering, fuzzy
G
Gabriel, 334
Gamma, 374, 379, 380, 383, 404, 408, 409
Gamma diversity, see Diversity, gamma
Geographical
coordinates, 5, 48, 306, 308, 356
distances, 48, 304, 306, 315
Google Maps, 16
Grain, 302, 356
H
Heat map, 44, 47, 92–96, 181
Hellinger distance, see Distance, Hellinger
Hellinger transformation, see Transformation,
Hellinger
Helmert, 21, 238, 239, 362, 363, 365, 366
Hierarchical clustering, see Clustering,
hierarchical
Hill numbers, see Diversity, Hill's numbers
Hill ratio, see Diversity, Hill ratio
Holm, see Correction, Holm
Index
429