Eastern Pacific Coral Reef Ecosystem
301
Table 19.1 (continued)
Country
Marine-protected area•
Coral typeb
Anthropogenic threats<
Costa Rica Reserva Absoluta
Coral communities
Overfishing;
Cabo Blanco (E)
sedimentation
Parque Marino
Coral communities
Overfishing (?);
BaHena (E)
sedimentation
Panama
Parque Nacional
Coral reefs (largest
Boat groundings;
de Coiba (E)
known in E Pacific)
anchor damage;
refuse disposal;
shellfish exploitation
Refugio de Vida Silvestre, Coral reef
Unknown
Isla Iguana (E)
Islas de las Perlas (P)
Coral reefs, coral
Destructive shellfish
communities
exploitation (dynamiting, dredging)
Islas Pacheca and
Coral communities
Unknown
Pachequilla (P)
Bahia de los Muertos,
Coral reefs
Unknown
Gulf of Chiriqui (P)
Refugio de Vida Silvestre Unknown
Unknown
de Isla Cafta (E)
Refugio de Vida Silvestre Coral communities
Anchor damage;
Isla Taboga (E)
refuse disposal
Colombia Parque Nacional
Coral reefs
Sedimentation;
Natural Utria (E)
anchor damage;
boat groundings
Parque Nacional Isla
Coral reefs
Anchor damage; oil
Gorgona (E)
pollution; fishing
activities
Isla del Malpelo,
Coral communities
Fishing activities
Santuario de Flora
y Fauna (E)
Ecuador
Parque Nacional de
Southern-most coral Unknown
Machalilla (E)
reefs in E Pacific
Reserva de Recursos
Bioeroded coral reefs, Anchor damage;
Marinos Galapagos (E)
coral communities
fishing activities;
harvesting of corals
a Largely from Kelleher et al. (1995) with supplemental information
b From a variety of sources and personal observations
c From Kelleher et al. (1995), other sources and personal observations
d Reyes Bonilla (2000)
e Decreed in January 1999