238
J. Tarazona and W. Arntz
rays (Myliobatis spp. ), and several sciaenids ( Cynoscion anal is, Paralonchurus peruanus, Isacia conceptionis, Sciaena gilberti, S. deliciosa).
The trophic flow of the upwelling ecosystem (4-l4°S) off Peru is subject
to intense fluctuations as a result of upwelling and fishery impacts. The
length of food chains is subject to changes caused by alterations in stratification, upwelling, physico-chemical properties of the water column, and
the distribution of fish and their food (Fig. 16.3). Lantern fishes are zooTROPHIC LEVEL
4
3
ZOOPLANKTON
2
~
2086
21382
22
1
PHYTOPLANKTON
LARGE
SCOMBRIDS
793
1063
---+825
MEIO·
BENTHOS
97
87
DETRITUS
BENTHIC
PRODUCTION
Fig.l6.3. Average trophic flows (10 3 kg km- 2 year- 1 ) between 1973 and 1981 in the Peruvian coastal upwelling ecosystem. (After Jarre-Teichmann 1998)
J. Tarazona and W. Arntz
rays (Myliobatis spp. ), and several sciaenids ( Cynoscion anal is, Paralonchurus peruanus, Isacia conceptionis, Sciaena gilberti, S. deliciosa).
The trophic flow of the upwelling ecosystem (4-l4°S) off Peru is subject
to intense fluctuations as a result of upwelling and fishery impacts. The
length of food chains is subject to changes caused by alterations in stratification, upwelling, physico-chemical properties of the water column, and
the distribution of fish and their food (Fig. 16.3). Lantern fishes are zooTROPHIC LEVEL
4
3
ZOOPLANKTON
2
~
2086
21382
22
1
PHYTOPLANKTON
LARGE
SCOMBRIDS
793
1063
---+825
MEIO·
BENTHOS
97
87
DETRITUS
BENTHIC
PRODUCTION
Fig.l6.3. Average trophic flows (10 3 kg km- 2 year- 1 ) between 1973 and 1981 in the Peruvian coastal upwelling ecosystem. (After Jarre-Teichmann 1998)