Contents
14.3
Physical Processes
14.3.1
Freshwater Input
14.3.2
Tides 0 • • 0 • • • •
14.3.3
Winds • • 0 • • • 0
14.3.4
Salinity and Temperature
14.4
Biological Communities
14.4.1
Benthos
14.4.2
Plankton • • • • • • • • 0
14.4.3
Nekton • • • • • • 0 0 • •
14.5
Impact and Management
References 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • •
15
15.1
The Sand Beach Ecosystem of Chile
E. Jaramillo
Introduction
15.2
Environmental Setting .
15.3
Biological Components
15.4
Human Impacts
Refureoc9 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
16.1
16.2
16.2.1
16.2.2
16.2.3
16.3
16.3.1
16.3.2
16.3.3
16.3.4
The Peruvian Coastal Upwelling System
J. Tarazona and W. Arntz
Introduction
Environmental Characteristics
Currents and Winds
Coastal Upwelling . . . . . . .
Oceanographic Features . . . .
Community Structure and Dynamics .
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton . . . . . . . . .
Benthic Organisms . . . . . .
Fishes and Other Vertebrates
16.4
El Nifio Impact on the Ecosystem
16.5
Need for Cautious Management
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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