Contents
10
10.1
10.2
10.2.1
10.2.2
10.2.3
The Subtropical Estuarine Complex
of Paranagua Bay, Brazil . . . . . .
P. C. Lana, E. Marone, R. M. Lopes,
and E. C. Machado
Introduction
Environmental Settings
Geomorphologic Processes
Physical Characteristics .
Chemical Characteristics
10.3
Biotic Components . . . .
10.4
Trophic Structure and Energy Flow
10.5
Human Impacts and Management Needs
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.4.1
11.4.2
11.4.3
11.5
11.6
11.6.1
11.6.2
The Convergence Ecosystem in the Southwest Atlantic
C. Odebrecht and J.P. Castello
Introduction
Environmental Setting
Fertilization Processes
The Organisms . . . .
Plankton . . . . . . . .
Macrobenthic Invertebrates
Fishes and Cephalopods . .
Biological Production and Trophic Structure
Human Impacts . . . .
Fisheries . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pollution and Blooms
11.7
Management Considerations
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.3.1
12.3.2
The Patos Lagoon Estuary, Brazil
U. Seeliger
Introduction
Environmental Setting
Estuarine Habitats . .
The Water Column . .
Unvegetated Subtidal Soft-Bottoms and Intertidal Flats
XIII
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