14. Patch Dynamics for Forested Ecosystems in the Pacific Northwest
305
Powell, T.M . 1989. Physical and biological scales of variability in lakes, estuaries,
and coastal ocean. In J . Roughgarden, R.M. May, and S.A. Levin (eds.),
Perspectives in Ecological Theory . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Ripple, W.J ., Bradshaw, G.A., and Spies, T.A. Measuring landscape patterns in
the Cascade Range of Oregon, USA. Biol Conserv, 57, 73-88.
Spies, T.A., Ripple, W.J., and Bradshaw, G.A. 1994. Dynamics and pattern of a
managed coniferous forest landscape' in Oregon. Ecol Appl, 4(3), 555-568 .
Spies, T.A ., Easter, M.J., and Gray, A .N. 1992. Light, temperature, and initial
vegetation responses to experimental gaps in coniferous forests. Bull Ecol Soc
Am, 77th Annual ESA Meeting, August 9-13; p. 352.
Spies, T.A ., and Franklin , J.F. 1991. The structure of natural, young, mature,
and old-growth forests in Washington and Oregon. In L.F. Ruggiero, K.B.
Aubry, A.B. Carey, and M.H. Huff (eds.), Wildlife and Vegetation of
Unmanaged Douglas-Fir Forests (pp. 91-109) . Portland OR : U.S.D.A., Forest
Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, General Technical Report PNWGTR-285.
Spies, T.A ., and Franklin, J.F. 1989. Gap characteristics and vegetation response
in coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest. Ecology, 70(3), 543-545 .
Spies, T.A., and Franklin, J.F. 1988. Coarse woody debris in Douglas-fir forests
of western Oregon and Washington. Ecology, 69(6), 1689-1702.
Spies, T.A., Franklin, J.F., and Klopsch, M. 1990. Canopy gaps in Douglas-fir
forests of the Cascade Mountains. Can J For Res, 20, 649-658 .
Spies, T.A ., Ripple, W.J., and Bradshaw, G.A. Dynamics and pattern of a
managed coniferous forest landscape. Ecol Appl, 4(3), 555-568 .
Swanson, F.J . 1981. Fire and geomorphic processes. In Proceedings, Fire Regimes
and Ecosystems Conference: December 11-15, 1979. Washington, DC:
U.S.D .A., Forest Service, General Technical Report WO-26.
Swanson, F.J., Franklin, J.F ., and Sedell, J.R. 1990. Landscape patterns, disturbance and management in the Pacific Northwest, USA. In Zoenfeldt and
Forman (eds.), Changing Landscapes: An Ecological Perspective (pp. 191-213) .
New York: Springer-Verlag.
Swanson, F.J., Kratz, T.K., Caine, N., and Woodmansee, R.G. 1988. Landform
effects on ecosystem patterns and processes: Geomorphic features of the
earth 's surface regulate the distribution of organisms and processes. BioScience,
38(2), 92-98.
U.S.D.A., Forest Service. 1993. Forest Ecosystem Management: An Ecological,
Economic, and Social Assessment. A Report of the Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team (FEMAT). Washington, DC : U.S.D.A., Forest Service.
Wiens, J.A . 1976. Population responses to patchy environments. Ann Rev Ecol
Sys, 7, 81-120.
.
305
Powell, T.M . 1989. Physical and biological scales of variability in lakes, estuaries,
and coastal ocean. In J . Roughgarden, R.M. May, and S.A. Levin (eds.),
Perspectives in Ecological Theory . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Ripple, W.J ., Bradshaw, G.A., and Spies, T.A. Measuring landscape patterns in
the Cascade Range of Oregon, USA. Biol Conserv, 57, 73-88.
Spies, T.A., Ripple, W.J., and Bradshaw, G.A. 1994. Dynamics and pattern of a
managed coniferous forest landscape' in Oregon. Ecol Appl, 4(3), 555-568 .
Spies, T.A ., Easter, M.J., and Gray, A .N. 1992. Light, temperature, and initial
vegetation responses to experimental gaps in coniferous forests. Bull Ecol Soc
Am, 77th Annual ESA Meeting, August 9-13; p. 352.
Spies, T.A ., and Franklin , J.F. 1991. The structure of natural, young, mature,
and old-growth forests in Washington and Oregon. In L.F. Ruggiero, K.B.
Aubry, A.B. Carey, and M.H. Huff (eds.), Wildlife and Vegetation of
Unmanaged Douglas-Fir Forests (pp. 91-109) . Portland OR : U.S.D.A., Forest
Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, General Technical Report PNWGTR-285.
Spies, T.A ., and Franklin, J.F. 1989. Gap characteristics and vegetation response
in coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest. Ecology, 70(3), 543-545 .
Spies, T.A., and Franklin, J.F. 1988. Coarse woody debris in Douglas-fir forests
of western Oregon and Washington. Ecology, 69(6), 1689-1702.
Spies, T.A., Franklin, J.F., and Klopsch, M. 1990. Canopy gaps in Douglas-fir
forests of the Cascade Mountains. Can J For Res, 20, 649-658 .
Spies, T.A ., Ripple, W.J., and Bradshaw, G.A. Dynamics and pattern of a
managed coniferous forest landscape. Ecol Appl, 4(3), 555-568 .
Swanson, F.J . 1981. Fire and geomorphic processes. In Proceedings, Fire Regimes
and Ecosystems Conference: December 11-15, 1979. Washington, DC:
U.S.D .A., Forest Service, General Technical Report WO-26.
Swanson, F.J., Franklin, J.F ., and Sedell, J.R. 1990. Landscape patterns, disturbance and management in the Pacific Northwest, USA. In Zoenfeldt and
Forman (eds.), Changing Landscapes: An Ecological Perspective (pp. 191-213) .
New York: Springer-Verlag.
Swanson, F.J., Kratz, T.K., Caine, N., and Woodmansee, R.G. 1988. Landform
effects on ecosystem patterns and processes: Geomorphic features of the
earth 's surface regulate the distribution of organisms and processes. BioScience,
38(2), 92-98.
U.S.D.A., Forest Service. 1993. Forest Ecosystem Management: An Ecological,
Economic, and Social Assessment. A Report of the Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team (FEMAT). Washington, DC : U.S.D.A., Forest Service.
Wiens, J.A . 1976. Population responses to patchy environments. Ann Rev Ecol
Sys, 7, 81-120.
.