304
G.A . Bradshaw et al.
Bradshaw, G.A., and Garman , S. 1994. Detecting fine-scale disturbance in
forested ecosystems as measured by large-scale landscape patterns. In W.K.
Michener , J.W. Brunt, and S.G. Stafford (eds.), Environmental Information
Management and Analysis: Ecosystem to Global Scales (pp. 533-550) . London :
Taylor and Francis.
Bradshaw, G.A ., and Spies, T.A. 1992. Characterizing canopy gap structure in
forests using wavelet analysis. J Ecol, 80, 205-215.
Delcourt, H .R ., Delcourt, P.A, and Webb III, T. 1983. Dynamic plant ecology:
The spectrum of vegetational change in space and time. Quat Sci Rev, 1,
153-175 .
Fiorella, M., and Ripple, W. 1993. Determining successional stage of temperate
coniferous forests with landsort satellite data . Programmetric Engineering and
Remote Lensing, 59(2), 239-246.
Franklin, J.F., and Dyrness, C.T . 1973. Natural Vegetation of Oregon and
Washington. U.S.D .A ., Forest Service, General Technical Report PNW-8.
Franklin , J.F. , Cromack, Jr ., K., Denison , W., Mckee, A., Maser , c., Sedell, J. ,
Swanson, F., and Juday, G. 1981. Ecological Characteristics of Old-Growth
Douglas-Fir forests. Portland, OR: U.S.D .A. , Forest Service, PNW Forest and
Range Experiment Station . General Technichal Report PNW-118.
Franklin, J.F. , Swanson, F.J., Harmon, M.E ., et al. 1991. Effects of global
climate change on forests in northwestern North America. In R. Peters and T.
Lovejoy (eds.), Climate Change and Biological Diversity.
Franklin, J.F., and Forman , R.T.T. 1987. Creating landscape patterns by cutting:
ecological consequences and principles. Land Ecol , 1,5-18.
Furniss, R.L., and Carolin, V.M. 1980. Western Forest Insects. Washington , DC:
U.S.D.A, Forest Service, Miscellaneous Publication No. 1339.
Goodchild, M., Parks, B.O . and Steyaert, L.T . 1993. Environmental Modelling
with GIS . New York : Oxford University Press.
Grant , G.E. , Swanson, F.J. , and Wolman, M.G. 1990. Pattern and origin of
stepped-bed morphology in high-gradient streams, Western Cascades, Oregon .
Geol Soc Am Bull , 102, 340-352.
Gray , AN. 1995. Tree Seedling Establishment on Heterogeneous Microsites in
Douglas-Fir Forest Canopy Gaps. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Oregon
State University.
Harmon, M.E ., Ferrell , W.K., and Franklin, J.F. 1990. Effects on carbon storage
of conversion of old-growth forests to young forests. Science, 247, 699-702.
Harris , L.D. 1984. The fragmented forest : Island biogeographical theor y and the
preservation of biotic diversity Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kolasa, J., and Pickett, S.T.A . (eds.) , 1991. Ecological Heterogeneity. New York:
Springer-Verlag.
Michener , W.K. , Brunt, J.W., and Stafford , S.G. 1994. Environmental Information Management and Analysis: Ecosystem to Global Scales. Bristol, PA:
Taylor & Francis.
Moloney, K.A :, Morin, A, and Levin, S.A . 1991. Interpreting ecological patterns
generated through simple stochastic processes. Land Ecol, 5(3), 163-174.
Morrison,P.H., and Swanson, F.J. 1990. Fire History and Pattern in a Cascade
Range Landscape. Portland, OR : U.S .D .A ., Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station , General Technical Report PNW-GTR-254.
O'Neill, R.V., DeAngelis , D.L., Wade, J.B. ,and Allen, T.F.H . 1986. A Hierarchical Concept of Ecosystems. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Pickett , S.T.A , and White, P.S. 1985. The E cology of Natural Disturbance and
Patch Dynamics. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
G.A . Bradshaw et al.
Bradshaw, G.A., and Garman , S. 1994. Detecting fine-scale disturbance in
forested ecosystems as measured by large-scale landscape patterns. In W.K.
Michener , J.W. Brunt, and S.G. Stafford (eds.), Environmental Information
Management and Analysis: Ecosystem to Global Scales (pp. 533-550) . London :
Taylor and Francis.
Bradshaw, G.A ., and Spies, T.A. 1992. Characterizing canopy gap structure in
forests using wavelet analysis. J Ecol, 80, 205-215.
Delcourt, H .R ., Delcourt, P.A, and Webb III, T. 1983. Dynamic plant ecology:
The spectrum of vegetational change in space and time. Quat Sci Rev, 1,
153-175 .
Fiorella, M., and Ripple, W. 1993. Determining successional stage of temperate
coniferous forests with landsort satellite data . Programmetric Engineering and
Remote Lensing, 59(2), 239-246.
Franklin, J.F., and Dyrness, C.T . 1973. Natural Vegetation of Oregon and
Washington. U.S.D .A ., Forest Service, General Technical Report PNW-8.
Franklin , J.F. , Cromack, Jr ., K., Denison , W., Mckee, A., Maser , c., Sedell, J. ,
Swanson, F., and Juday, G. 1981. Ecological Characteristics of Old-Growth
Douglas-Fir forests. Portland, OR: U.S.D .A. , Forest Service, PNW Forest and
Range Experiment Station . General Technichal Report PNW-118.
Franklin, J.F. , Swanson, F.J., Harmon, M.E ., et al. 1991. Effects of global
climate change on forests in northwestern North America. In R. Peters and T.
Lovejoy (eds.), Climate Change and Biological Diversity.
Franklin, J.F., and Forman , R.T.T. 1987. Creating landscape patterns by cutting:
ecological consequences and principles. Land Ecol , 1,5-18.
Furniss, R.L., and Carolin, V.M. 1980. Western Forest Insects. Washington , DC:
U.S.D.A, Forest Service, Miscellaneous Publication No. 1339.
Goodchild, M., Parks, B.O . and Steyaert, L.T . 1993. Environmental Modelling
with GIS . New York : Oxford University Press.
Grant , G.E. , Swanson, F.J. , and Wolman, M.G. 1990. Pattern and origin of
stepped-bed morphology in high-gradient streams, Western Cascades, Oregon .
Geol Soc Am Bull , 102, 340-352.
Gray , AN. 1995. Tree Seedling Establishment on Heterogeneous Microsites in
Douglas-Fir Forest Canopy Gaps. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Oregon
State University.
Harmon, M.E ., Ferrell , W.K., and Franklin, J.F. 1990. Effects on carbon storage
of conversion of old-growth forests to young forests. Science, 247, 699-702.
Harris , L.D. 1984. The fragmented forest : Island biogeographical theor y and the
preservation of biotic diversity Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kolasa, J., and Pickett, S.T.A . (eds.) , 1991. Ecological Heterogeneity. New York:
Springer-Verlag.
Michener , W.K. , Brunt, J.W., and Stafford , S.G. 1994. Environmental Information Management and Analysis: Ecosystem to Global Scales. Bristol, PA:
Taylor & Francis.
Moloney, K.A :, Morin, A, and Levin, S.A . 1991. Interpreting ecological patterns
generated through simple stochastic processes. Land Ecol, 5(3), 163-174.
Morrison,P.H., and Swanson, F.J. 1990. Fire History and Pattern in a Cascade
Range Landscape. Portland, OR : U.S .D .A ., Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station , General Technical Report PNW-GTR-254.
O'Neill, R.V., DeAngelis , D.L., Wade, J.B. ,and Allen, T.F.H . 1986. A Hierarchical Concept of Ecosystems. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Pickett , S.T.A , and White, P.S. 1985. The E cology of Natural Disturbance and
Patch Dynamics. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.