11. Avian Communities in Temperate Rainforests
245
Smith-Ramirez, Sabag, this volume). However, very few birds in coastal
Alaska eat fruits during the breeding season, in contrast to several species
in Chiloe. Perhaps' the most interesting questions to ask of this guild
concern the effect of fruits on the breeding ecology of Chilean birds and
the comparisons of foraging ecology in the nonbreeding season in the two
regions.
As is common with first efforts to build and understand comparisons,
this study raises more questions than it answers. This preliminary study
documents some contrasting patterns and identifies some related questions
that require more detailed examination both of the patterns themselves
and of the processes that form them .
Acknowledgments. We are grateful for· the financial support of NSFInternational Programs (Mary F. Willson), a visiting professorship for
Willson at the Universidad de Chile funded by Fundacion Andes ; and
Fondecyt (Juan J. Armesto). Cecilia Smith helped in many ways with the
fieldwork. Jackie Canterbury kindly permitted the use of her data on
mist-net capture rates from coniferous forest near Ketchikan, AK.
Landowners-of Chiloe graciously consented to let us use their forests for
this study. Kathryn E. Sieving and anonymous reviewers provided helpful
comments on the manuscript.
References
Alaback, P. 1991. Comparative ecology of temperate rainforests of the Americas
along analogous climatic gradients. Rev Chil Hist Nat, 64, 399-412.
Anonymous. 1985. Complete Book of New Zealand Birds. Sydney: Readers
Digest Services.
Bennett, P.M., and Harvey, P.R 1988. How fecundity balances mortality in
birds. Nature, 333, 216.
Bond, R.R . 1957. Ecological distribution of breeding birds in the upland forests
of southern Wisconsin. Ecol Monog ; 27, 351-384.
Carey, A.B ., Hardt, M.M., Horton, S.P., and Biswell, B.L. 1991. Spring bird
communities in the Oregon Coast Range . U.S.D .A. Forest Service General
Technical Report 285 (pp. 123-142).
Cody, M.L. 1970. Chilean bird distribution . Ecology, 51, 455-464.
Cruz, A., and Wiley, l .W. 1989. The decline of an adaptation in the absence of a
presumed selection pressure . Evolution, 43, 55-62.
Ehrlich, P.R ., Dobkin, D.S ., and Wheye, D. 1988. The Birder's Handbook . New
York: Simon and Schuster.
Falla, R.A.,Sibson, R.B., and Turbott, E:G. 1981. Collins Guide to the Birds of
New Zealand. Auckland: Collins.
Flack, J.A.D. 1976. Bird populations for aspen forests of western North America.
Ornithol Monog, 19, 1-97.
Gilbert, F.F., and Allwine, R. 1991. Spring bird communities in the Oregon
Cascade Range. In L.F . Ruggiero, K.B. Aubry, A .B. Carey, and M.H. Huff
(eds.), Wildlife and Vegetation of Unmanaged Douglas-Fir Forests (pp. 145158). Portland, OR: V .S.D.A., Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research
Station, Technical Report PNW-GTR-285.
Harrison, H.H . 1975. A Field Guide to Bird's Nests. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
245
Smith-Ramirez, Sabag, this volume). However, very few birds in coastal
Alaska eat fruits during the breeding season, in contrast to several species
in Chiloe. Perhaps' the most interesting questions to ask of this guild
concern the effect of fruits on the breeding ecology of Chilean birds and
the comparisons of foraging ecology in the nonbreeding season in the two
regions.
As is common with first efforts to build and understand comparisons,
this study raises more questions than it answers. This preliminary study
documents some contrasting patterns and identifies some related questions
that require more detailed examination both of the patterns themselves
and of the processes that form them .
Acknowledgments. We are grateful for· the financial support of NSFInternational Programs (Mary F. Willson), a visiting professorship for
Willson at the Universidad de Chile funded by Fundacion Andes ; and
Fondecyt (Juan J. Armesto). Cecilia Smith helped in many ways with the
fieldwork. Jackie Canterbury kindly permitted the use of her data on
mist-net capture rates from coniferous forest near Ketchikan, AK.
Landowners-of Chiloe graciously consented to let us use their forests for
this study. Kathryn E. Sieving and anonymous reviewers provided helpful
comments on the manuscript.
References
Alaback, P. 1991. Comparative ecology of temperate rainforests of the Americas
along analogous climatic gradients. Rev Chil Hist Nat, 64, 399-412.
Anonymous. 1985. Complete Book of New Zealand Birds. Sydney: Readers
Digest Services.
Bennett, P.M., and Harvey, P.R 1988. How fecundity balances mortality in
birds. Nature, 333, 216.
Bond, R.R . 1957. Ecological distribution of breeding birds in the upland forests
of southern Wisconsin. Ecol Monog ; 27, 351-384.
Carey, A.B ., Hardt, M.M., Horton, S.P., and Biswell, B.L. 1991. Spring bird
communities in the Oregon Coast Range . U.S.D .A. Forest Service General
Technical Report 285 (pp. 123-142).
Cody, M.L. 1970. Chilean bird distribution . Ecology, 51, 455-464.
Cruz, A., and Wiley, l .W. 1989. The decline of an adaptation in the absence of a
presumed selection pressure . Evolution, 43, 55-62.
Ehrlich, P.R ., Dobkin, D.S ., and Wheye, D. 1988. The Birder's Handbook . New
York: Simon and Schuster.
Falla, R.A.,Sibson, R.B., and Turbott, E:G. 1981. Collins Guide to the Birds of
New Zealand. Auckland: Collins.
Flack, J.A.D. 1976. Bird populations for aspen forests of western North America.
Ornithol Monog, 19, 1-97.
Gilbert, F.F., and Allwine, R. 1991. Spring bird communities in the Oregon
Cascade Range. In L.F . Ruggiero, K.B. Aubry, A .B. Carey, and M.H. Huff
(eds.), Wildlife and Vegetation of Unmanaged Douglas-Fir Forests (pp. 145158). Portland, OR: V .S.D.A., Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research
Station, Technical Report PNW-GTR-285.
Harrison, H.H . 1975. A Field Guide to Bird's Nests. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.