373
Conservancy, 42 p. https://www.nature.org/media/oceansandcoasts/mangroves-for-coastaldefence.pdf
Sutton-Grier AE, Wowk K, Bamford H (2015) Future of our coasts: the potential for natural and
hybrid infrastructure to enhance the resilience of our coastal communities, economies and ecosystems. Environ Sci Pol 51:137–148
Tanaya T, Watanabe K, Yamamoto S, Hongo C, Kayanne H, Kuwae T (2018) Contributions of the
direct supply of belowground seagrass detritus and trapping of suspended organic matter to the
sedimentary organic carbon stock in seagrass meadows. Biogeosciences 15:4033–4045
Temmerman S, Meire P, Bouma TJ, Herman PM, Ysebaert T, De Vriend HJ (2013) Ecosystembased coastal defence in the face of global change. Nature 504:79–83
Thomas S (2014) Blue carbon: knowledge gaps, critical issues, and novel approaches. Ecol Econ
107:22–38
Tokoro T, Hosokawa S, Miyoshi E et al (2014) Net uptake of atmospheric CO 2 by coastal submerged aquatic vegetation. Glob Chang Biol 20:1873–1884
Tokoro T, Watanabe K, Tada K, Kuwae T (2015) Guideline of blue carbon (CO 2 absorption and
carbon sequestration) measurement methodology in port areas. Technical note of the port and
airport research institute no 1309 (in Japanese)
Tokoro T, Watanabe K, Tada K, Kuwae T (2018) Air–water CO 2 flux in shallow coastal waters:
theoretical background, measurement methods, and mechanisms. In: Kuwae T, Hori M (eds)
Blue carbon in shallow coastal ecosystems: carbon dynamics, policy, and implementation.
Springer, Singapore, pp 153–184
United Nations Ocean Conference (2017) https://oceanconference.un.org/
Verified Carbon Standard (2015) Methodology for tidal wetland and seagrass restoration. http://
www.v-c-s.org/methodologies/methodology-tidal-wetland-and-seagrass-restoration-v10
Villa JA, Bernal B (2018) Carbon sequestration in wetlands, from science to practice: an overview of the biogeochemical process, measurement methods, and policy framework. Ecol Eng
114:115–128
Wada S, Aoki MN, Mikami A et al (2008) Bioavailability of macroalgal dissolved organic matter
in seawater. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 370:33–44
Ware JR, Smith SV, Reaka-Kudla ML (1992) Coral reefs: sources or sinks of atmospheric CO 2 ?
Coral Reefs 11:127–130
Watanabe K, Kuwae T (2015) How organic carbon derived from multiple sources contributes to
carbon sequestration processes in a shallow coastal system. Glob Chang Biol 21:2612–2623
Watanabe A, Nakamura T (2018) Carbon dynamics in coral reefs. In: Kuwae T, Hori M (eds) Blue
carbon in shallow coastal ecosystems: carbon dynamics, policy, and implementation. Springer,
Singapore, pp 273–293
World Bank (2017) Implementing nature based flood protection: principles and implementation
guidance.
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/739421509427698706/
Implementing-nature-based-flood-protection-principles-and-implementation-guidance
Wylie L, Sutton-Grier AE, Moore A (2016) Keys to successful blue carbon projects: lessons
learned from global case studies. Mar Policy 65:76–84
Wyndham-Meyers L, Crooks S, Troxler T (2018) A blue carbon primer: the state of coastal wetland carbon science, practice and policy. CRC Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, 352 p
Yoshida G, Hori M, Shimabukuro H, Hamaoka H, Onitsuka T, Hasegawa N, Muraoka D, Yatsuya
K, Watanabe K, Nakaoka M (2018) Carbon sequestration by seagrass and macroalgae in Japan:
estimates and future needs. In: Kuwae T, Hori M (eds) Blue carbon in shallow coastal ecosystems: carbon dynamics, policy, and implementation. Springer, Singapore, pp 101–127
13 The Future of Blue Carbon: Addressing Global Environmental Issues
Conservancy, 42 p. https://www.nature.org/media/oceansandcoasts/mangroves-for-coastaldefence.pdf
Sutton-Grier AE, Wowk K, Bamford H (2015) Future of our coasts: the potential for natural and
hybrid infrastructure to enhance the resilience of our coastal communities, economies and ecosystems. Environ Sci Pol 51:137–148
Tanaya T, Watanabe K, Yamamoto S, Hongo C, Kayanne H, Kuwae T (2018) Contributions of the
direct supply of belowground seagrass detritus and trapping of suspended organic matter to the
sedimentary organic carbon stock in seagrass meadows. Biogeosciences 15:4033–4045
Temmerman S, Meire P, Bouma TJ, Herman PM, Ysebaert T, De Vriend HJ (2013) Ecosystembased coastal defence in the face of global change. Nature 504:79–83
Thomas S (2014) Blue carbon: knowledge gaps, critical issues, and novel approaches. Ecol Econ
107:22–38
Tokoro T, Hosokawa S, Miyoshi E et al (2014) Net uptake of atmospheric CO 2 by coastal submerged aquatic vegetation. Glob Chang Biol 20:1873–1884
Tokoro T, Watanabe K, Tada K, Kuwae T (2015) Guideline of blue carbon (CO 2 absorption and
carbon sequestration) measurement methodology in port areas. Technical note of the port and
airport research institute no 1309 (in Japanese)
Tokoro T, Watanabe K, Tada K, Kuwae T (2018) Air–water CO 2 flux in shallow coastal waters:
theoretical background, measurement methods, and mechanisms. In: Kuwae T, Hori M (eds)
Blue carbon in shallow coastal ecosystems: carbon dynamics, policy, and implementation.
Springer, Singapore, pp 153–184
United Nations Ocean Conference (2017) https://oceanconference.un.org/
Verified Carbon Standard (2015) Methodology for tidal wetland and seagrass restoration. http://
www.v-c-s.org/methodologies/methodology-tidal-wetland-and-seagrass-restoration-v10
Villa JA, Bernal B (2018) Carbon sequestration in wetlands, from science to practice: an overview of the biogeochemical process, measurement methods, and policy framework. Ecol Eng
114:115–128
Wada S, Aoki MN, Mikami A et al (2008) Bioavailability of macroalgal dissolved organic matter
in seawater. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 370:33–44
Ware JR, Smith SV, Reaka-Kudla ML (1992) Coral reefs: sources or sinks of atmospheric CO 2 ?
Coral Reefs 11:127–130
Watanabe K, Kuwae T (2015) How organic carbon derived from multiple sources contributes to
carbon sequestration processes in a shallow coastal system. Glob Chang Biol 21:2612–2623
Watanabe A, Nakamura T (2018) Carbon dynamics in coral reefs. In: Kuwae T, Hori M (eds) Blue
carbon in shallow coastal ecosystems: carbon dynamics, policy, and implementation. Springer,
Singapore, pp 273–293
World Bank (2017) Implementing nature based flood protection: principles and implementation
guidance.
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/739421509427698706/
Implementing-nature-based-flood-protection-principles-and-implementation-guidance
Wylie L, Sutton-Grier AE, Moore A (2016) Keys to successful blue carbon projects: lessons
learned from global case studies. Mar Policy 65:76–84
Wyndham-Meyers L, Crooks S, Troxler T (2018) A blue carbon primer: the state of coastal wetland carbon science, practice and policy. CRC Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, 352 p
Yoshida G, Hori M, Shimabukuro H, Hamaoka H, Onitsuka T, Hasegawa N, Muraoka D, Yatsuya
K, Watanabe K, Nakaoka M (2018) Carbon sequestration by seagrass and macroalgae in Japan:
estimates and future needs. In: Kuwae T, Hori M (eds) Blue carbon in shallow coastal ecosystems: carbon dynamics, policy, and implementation. Springer, Singapore, pp 101–127
13 The Future of Blue Carbon: Addressing Global Environmental Issues