369
Although this book focused on the specific ecosystem service of climate regulation, SCEs represent natural capital and provide various ecosystem services. Thus,
it is important to manage this natural capital to take advantage of co-benefits such
as health, employment creation, and food safety. However, we hope that by highlighting climate change countermeasures, in which society is becoming increasingly interested and concerned, this would help to initiate and/or accelerate the
conservation and restoration of SCEs. We also recognize that the climate regulation
service and other ecosystem services are hinged on the biodiversity within SCEs.
We hope that the knowledge presented here can help to build bridges between
science and technology and socioeconomics. Like the milestone UNEP report that
created the new world of blue carbon, we close by proposing several goals to foster
the conservation, restoration, and utilization of blue carbon ecosystems:
1. To acquire standardized datasets on blue carbon ecosystems worldwide, targeting long-term, continuous, large-scale data gathered by simple means at low
cost;
2. To develop technologies that make it possible to measure currently unmeasurable natural phenomena to elucidate the unknown mechanisms of SCEs;
3. To enable the quantitative prediction of the effects of disturbing factors such as
climate change and human activities and the effects of non-steady-state conditions such as storms on SCEs;
4. To connect scientific and technological knowledge of SCEs to economic evaluations such as cost-effectiveness analysis to strengthen the coupling with
socioeconomics;
5. To encourage communication between science and engineering researchers and
local stakeholders, such as municipalities, cities, companies, and citizens, in
addition to conventional international and national entities. As a means to do so,
priority is given to direct dialogue between the researchers and the stakeholders
and dissemination of information to the general public.
References
Abo K, Sugimatsu K, Hori M, Yoshida G, Shimabukuro H, Yagi H, Nakayama A, Tarutani K
(2018) Quantifying the fate of captured carbon: from seagrass meadow to deep sea. In: Kuwae
T, Hori M (eds) Blue carbon in shallow coastal ecosystems: carbon dynamics, policy, and
implementation. Springer, Singapore, pp 251–271
Akhand A, Chanda A, Das S, Hazra S, Kuwae T (2018) CO 2 fluxes in mangrove ecosystems. In:
Kuwae T, Hori M (eds) Blue carbon in shallow coastal ecosystems: carbon dynamics, policy,
and implementation. Springer, Singapore, pp 185–221
Arias-Ortiz A, Serrano O, Masqué P et al (2018) A marine heatwave drives massive losses from the
world’s largest seagrass carbon stocks. Nat Clim Chang 8:338–344
Atwood TB, Connolly RM, Ritchie EG et al (2015) Predators help protect carbon stocks in blue
carbon ecosystems. Nat Clim Chang 5:1038–1045
Atwood TB, Connolly RM, Almahasheer H et al (2017) Global patterns in mangrove soil carbon
stocks and losses. Nat Clim Chang 7:523–528
13 The Future of Blue Carbon: Addressing Global Environmental Issues
Although this book focused on the specific ecosystem service of climate regulation, SCEs represent natural capital and provide various ecosystem services. Thus,
it is important to manage this natural capital to take advantage of co-benefits such
as health, employment creation, and food safety. However, we hope that by highlighting climate change countermeasures, in which society is becoming increasingly interested and concerned, this would help to initiate and/or accelerate the
conservation and restoration of SCEs. We also recognize that the climate regulation
service and other ecosystem services are hinged on the biodiversity within SCEs.
We hope that the knowledge presented here can help to build bridges between
science and technology and socioeconomics. Like the milestone UNEP report that
created the new world of blue carbon, we close by proposing several goals to foster
the conservation, restoration, and utilization of blue carbon ecosystems:
1. To acquire standardized datasets on blue carbon ecosystems worldwide, targeting long-term, continuous, large-scale data gathered by simple means at low
cost;
2. To develop technologies that make it possible to measure currently unmeasurable natural phenomena to elucidate the unknown mechanisms of SCEs;
3. To enable the quantitative prediction of the effects of disturbing factors such as
climate change and human activities and the effects of non-steady-state conditions such as storms on SCEs;
4. To connect scientific and technological knowledge of SCEs to economic evaluations such as cost-effectiveness analysis to strengthen the coupling with
socioeconomics;
5. To encourage communication between science and engineering researchers and
local stakeholders, such as municipalities, cities, companies, and citizens, in
addition to conventional international and national entities. As a means to do so,
priority is given to direct dialogue between the researchers and the stakeholders
and dissemination of information to the general public.
References
Abo K, Sugimatsu K, Hori M, Yoshida G, Shimabukuro H, Yagi H, Nakayama A, Tarutani K
(2018) Quantifying the fate of captured carbon: from seagrass meadow to deep sea. In: Kuwae
T, Hori M (eds) Blue carbon in shallow coastal ecosystems: carbon dynamics, policy, and
implementation. Springer, Singapore, pp 251–271
Akhand A, Chanda A, Das S, Hazra S, Kuwae T (2018) CO 2 fluxes in mangrove ecosystems. In:
Kuwae T, Hori M (eds) Blue carbon in shallow coastal ecosystems: carbon dynamics, policy,
and implementation. Springer, Singapore, pp 185–221
Arias-Ortiz A, Serrano O, Masqué P et al (2018) A marine heatwave drives massive losses from the
world’s largest seagrass carbon stocks. Nat Clim Chang 8:338–344
Atwood TB, Connolly RM, Ritchie EG et al (2015) Predators help protect carbon stocks in blue
carbon ecosystems. Nat Clim Chang 5:1038–1045
Atwood TB, Connolly RM, Almahasheer H et al (2017) Global patterns in mangrove soil carbon
stocks and losses. Nat Clim Chang 7:523–528
13 The Future of Blue Carbon: Addressing Global Environmental Issues