279
Table 10.1 Summary of air–sea CO 2 flux data for coral reefs
Country (region)
Air–sea CO 2
flux
Reference
Year
(mmol CO 2
m
−2 day
−1
)
Reef flats (including moat or shallow lagoon)
Barrier reef in Moorea, French Polynesia
1.5
Gattuso et al.
1993
Barrier reef in Moorea, French Polynesia
1.8
Frankignoulle
et al.
1996
Yonge Reef, N. GBR
a , Australia
5.1
Frankignoulle
et al.
1996
Barrier reef in Moorea, French Polynesia
31.0
Gattuso et al.
1996b
Yonge Reef, N. GBR, Australia
182.0
Gattuso et al.
1996b
Fringing reef in Moorea, French Polynesia
−10
Gattuso et al.
1997
Rukan-sho atoll, Okinawa, Japan
Neutral
Ohde & Van
Woesik
1999
Hog Reef Flat, Bermuda
3.3
Bates et al.
2001
Xisha Islands, China
1.5
Dai et al.
2009
Nanwan, South China Sea, Taiwan
−0.56
Jiang et al.
2011
Yongxing Island, South China Sea
4.7
Yan et al.
2011
Luhuitou Reef, Hainan Island, China
9.8
Yan et al.
2011
Shiraho Reef, Ishigaki, Japan
0.0
Watanabe et al. 2013
Shiraho Reef, Ishigaki, Japan
−1.9
Watanabe et al. 2013
Heron Reef, southern GBR, Australia
2.5
Cyronak et al.
2014
Rarotonga, fringing reef in South Pacific
8.8
Cyronak et al.
2014
Coroa Vermelha, Brazil
0.3
Longhini et al.
2015
Heron Reef, southern GBR, Australia
172.8
McGowan
2016
Luhuitou Reef, Hainan Island, China
1.5
Yan et al.
2016
Median
2.2
Lagoons (moderate to deep lagoons) or open ocean surrounding reefs
Fanning Island
46.7
Smith & Pesret 1974
Christmas Island, Kiribati
−2.6
Smith et al.
1984
Rim and terrace reefs, Bermuda
−0.03
Bates
2002
Palau
1
Watanabe et al. 2006
Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, USA
3.97
Fagan &
Mackenzie
2007
Yongshu Reef atoll, Yongxiang Island reef flat, and
Luhuitiou Fringing reef, South China Sea
0.4
Yan et al.
2011
Southern Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, USA
4.93
Massaro et al.
2012
Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, USA
4.0
Drupp et al.
2013
Mamala Bays, Hawaii, USA
0.06
Drupp et al.
2013
Lady Elliot Island, southern GBR, Australia
−1.82
Shaw & McNeil 2014
Median
0.70
Positive values indicate a net CO 2 flux from the reef to the atmosphere
a Great Barrier Reef
10 Carbon Dynamics in Coral Reefs
Table 10.1 Summary of air–sea CO 2 flux data for coral reefs
Country (region)
Air–sea CO 2
flux
Reference
Year
(mmol CO 2
m
−2 day
−1
)
Reef flats (including moat or shallow lagoon)
Barrier reef in Moorea, French Polynesia
1.5
Gattuso et al.
1993
Barrier reef in Moorea, French Polynesia
1.8
Frankignoulle
et al.
1996
Yonge Reef, N. GBR
a , Australia
5.1
Frankignoulle
et al.
1996
Barrier reef in Moorea, French Polynesia
31.0
Gattuso et al.
1996b
Yonge Reef, N. GBR, Australia
182.0
Gattuso et al.
1996b
Fringing reef in Moorea, French Polynesia
−10
Gattuso et al.
1997
Rukan-sho atoll, Okinawa, Japan
Neutral
Ohde & Van
Woesik
1999
Hog Reef Flat, Bermuda
3.3
Bates et al.
2001
Xisha Islands, China
1.5
Dai et al.
2009
Nanwan, South China Sea, Taiwan
−0.56
Jiang et al.
2011
Yongxing Island, South China Sea
4.7
Yan et al.
2011
Luhuitou Reef, Hainan Island, China
9.8
Yan et al.
2011
Shiraho Reef, Ishigaki, Japan
0.0
Watanabe et al. 2013
Shiraho Reef, Ishigaki, Japan
−1.9
Watanabe et al. 2013
Heron Reef, southern GBR, Australia
2.5
Cyronak et al.
2014
Rarotonga, fringing reef in South Pacific
8.8
Cyronak et al.
2014
Coroa Vermelha, Brazil
0.3
Longhini et al.
2015
Heron Reef, southern GBR, Australia
172.8
McGowan
2016
Luhuitou Reef, Hainan Island, China
1.5
Yan et al.
2016
Median
2.2
Lagoons (moderate to deep lagoons) or open ocean surrounding reefs
Fanning Island
46.7
Smith & Pesret 1974
Christmas Island, Kiribati
−2.6
Smith et al.
1984
Rim and terrace reefs, Bermuda
−0.03
Bates
2002
Palau
1
Watanabe et al. 2006
Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, USA
3.97
Fagan &
Mackenzie
2007
Yongshu Reef atoll, Yongxiang Island reef flat, and
Luhuitiou Fringing reef, South China Sea
0.4
Yan et al.
2011
Southern Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, USA
4.93
Massaro et al.
2012
Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, USA
4.0
Drupp et al.
2013
Mamala Bays, Hawaii, USA
0.06
Drupp et al.
2013
Lady Elliot Island, southern GBR, Australia
−1.82
Shaw & McNeil 2014
Median
0.70
Positive values indicate a net CO 2 flux from the reef to the atmosphere
a Great Barrier Reef
10 Carbon Dynamics in Coral Reefs