28
including (1) increasing glutathione reductase, AP, CAT, PRX, and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) activities; (2) overproducing ABA to enhance antioxidant
enzyme activity; (3) overproducing phycobiliproteins to avoid excess light damage;
and (4) overproducing antioxidant compounds, such as ascorbate, to reduce ROS
levels. Altogether, the mechanisms observed in tolerant algae provide some explanation for Py. orbicularis dominance in the upper intertidal zone, as well as for the
position of other algal species along the Chilean coast. Thus, differential responses
and permanent damages in non-tolerant species restricted to low intertidal zones are
related to:
1. Morphology, specifically in regard to protoplast retraction and thylakoid
disorganization
2. Higher increases of ROS such as H 2 O 2 during emersion, together with a lack of
decreased ROS during rehydration
3. Increased levels of oxidized lipids and proteins that are higher during rehydration
than under desiccation
4. Very low or absent activation of antioxidant enzymes during desiccation stress
5. An irreversible inactivation of the photosynthetic system after desiccation stress
Acknowledgments This work was supported by FONDECYT 1120117 and DI-501-14/R
(Universidad Andrés Bello, Proyectos Regulares Internos) to LC-P. We acknowledge the language
support provided by Ashley VanCott, BioPub Ltd.
References
Abe S, Kurashima A, Yokohama Y, Tanaka K (2001) The cellular ability of desiccation tolerance
in Japanese intertidal seaweeds. Bot Mar 44(4):125–131
Alpert P (2005) The limits and frontiers of desiccation-tolerant life. Integr Comp Biol 45:685–695
Asada K (1999) The water–water cycle in chloroplasts: scavenging of active oxygen and dissipation of excess photons. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 50:601–639
Baker CJ, Orlandi EW (1995) Active oxygen in plant pathogenesis. Annu Rev Phytopathol
33:299–321
Baniwal SK, Bharti K, Chan KY et al (2004) Heat stress response in plants: a complex game with
chaperones and more than twenty heat stress transcription factors. J Biosci 29:471–487
Bewley JD (1979) Physiological aspects of desiccation tolerance. Annu Rev Plant Physiol
30:195–238
Bhat VB, Madyastha KM (2001) Scavenging of peroxynitrite by phycocyanin and phycocyanobilin from Spirulina platensis: protection against oxidative damage to DNA. Biochem Biophys
Res Commun 285:262–266
Billard E, Serrão E, Pearson G, Destombe CH, Valero M (2010) Fucus vesiculosus and spiralis
species complex: a nested model of local adaptation at the shore level. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
405:163–174
Bird CE, Franklin EC, Smith CM, Toonen RJ (2013) Between tide and wave marks: a unifying
model of physical zonation on littoral shores. PeerJ 1:e154. doi:10.7717/peerj.154
Blomstedt CK, Gianello RD, Hamill JD, Neale AD, Gaff DF (1998) Drought-stimulated genes
correlated with desiccation tolerance of the resurrection grass Sporobolus stapfianus. Plant
Growth Regul 24:153–161
L. Contreras-Porcia et al.
including (1) increasing glutathione reductase, AP, CAT, PRX, and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) activities; (2) overproducing ABA to enhance antioxidant
enzyme activity; (3) overproducing phycobiliproteins to avoid excess light damage;
and (4) overproducing antioxidant compounds, such as ascorbate, to reduce ROS
levels. Altogether, the mechanisms observed in tolerant algae provide some explanation for Py. orbicularis dominance in the upper intertidal zone, as well as for the
position of other algal species along the Chilean coast. Thus, differential responses
and permanent damages in non-tolerant species restricted to low intertidal zones are
related to:
1. Morphology, specifically in regard to protoplast retraction and thylakoid
disorganization
2. Higher increases of ROS such as H 2 O 2 during emersion, together with a lack of
decreased ROS during rehydration
3. Increased levels of oxidized lipids and proteins that are higher during rehydration
than under desiccation
4. Very low or absent activation of antioxidant enzymes during desiccation stress
5. An irreversible inactivation of the photosynthetic system after desiccation stress
Acknowledgments This work was supported by FONDECYT 1120117 and DI-501-14/R
(Universidad Andrés Bello, Proyectos Regulares Internos) to LC-P. We acknowledge the language
support provided by Ashley VanCott, BioPub Ltd.
References
Abe S, Kurashima A, Yokohama Y, Tanaka K (2001) The cellular ability of desiccation tolerance
in Japanese intertidal seaweeds. Bot Mar 44(4):125–131
Alpert P (2005) The limits and frontiers of desiccation-tolerant life. Integr Comp Biol 45:685–695
Asada K (1999) The water–water cycle in chloroplasts: scavenging of active oxygen and dissipation of excess photons. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 50:601–639
Baker CJ, Orlandi EW (1995) Active oxygen in plant pathogenesis. Annu Rev Phytopathol
33:299–321
Baniwal SK, Bharti K, Chan KY et al (2004) Heat stress response in plants: a complex game with
chaperones and more than twenty heat stress transcription factors. J Biosci 29:471–487
Bewley JD (1979) Physiological aspects of desiccation tolerance. Annu Rev Plant Physiol
30:195–238
Bhat VB, Madyastha KM (2001) Scavenging of peroxynitrite by phycocyanin and phycocyanobilin from Spirulina platensis: protection against oxidative damage to DNA. Biochem Biophys
Res Commun 285:262–266
Billard E, Serrão E, Pearson G, Destombe CH, Valero M (2010) Fucus vesiculosus and spiralis
species complex: a nested model of local adaptation at the shore level. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
405:163–174
Bird CE, Franklin EC, Smith CM, Toonen RJ (2013) Between tide and wave marks: a unifying
model of physical zonation on littoral shores. PeerJ 1:e154. doi:10.7717/peerj.154
Blomstedt CK, Gianello RD, Hamill JD, Neale AD, Gaff DF (1998) Drought-stimulated genes
correlated with desiccation tolerance of the resurrection grass Sporobolus stapfianus. Plant
Growth Regul 24:153–161
L. Contreras-Porcia et al.