Fig. 2.2 Cell diagram of Pyropia orbicularis mechanisms involved in tolerance to desiccation
stress induced during natural low tide periods. Adapted from López-Cristoffanini et al. (2015);
numbers next to protein, enzyme, or molecule indicate evidence from
1
Contreras-Porcia et al.
(2011) and Fierro et al. (2017),
2
Contreras-Porcia et al. (2013),
3
López-Cristoffanini et al. (2015),
4
Guajardo et al. (2016), and
5
Fierro et al. (2016). Processes and enzymes with decreased activities
as well as downregulated proteins and transcripts during desiccation are followed by↓, whereas
those with increased activity and upregulated proteins and transcripts are followed by ↑. Organelles
within the cell are depicted by a circle with a continuous line, whereas cycles or structures within
these are denoted by a circle with a dotted line. The direct action of an enzyme/protein/molecule on
a mechanism is indicated with black arrows. An enzyme/protein/molecule is indicated with a gray
arrow when part of an enzymatic pathway. Dotted arrows indicate the enzyme’s mechanism.
Proteins are abbreviated as follows: ABA abscisic acid, ABC ATP-binding cassette transporters,
ACO aconitate hydratase, ADF cofilin/actin depolymerizing factor, ALDO fructose-bisphosphate
aldolase, AP ascorbate peroxidase, APC allophycocyanin alpha subunit, APK adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate kinase, ASC ascorbate, B6 vitamin B6, CA carbonic anhydrase, CAT catalase, Cha60
chaperonin 60, Chl a chlorophyll a, CS cysteine synthase, DHA dehydroascorbate, DHAR dehydroascorbate reductase, DHQsyn 3-dehydroquinate synthase/O-methyltransferase fusion, eEF-2 elongation factor 2, eIF-1 eukaryotic initiation factor 1, eIF-5A translation initiation factor eIF5A,
F1,6BP fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, FNR ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase, GAPDH glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate dehydrogenase, Gbp1 guanylate binding protein 1, Gbp3 guanylate binding protein 3,
GDP-M GDP-d-mannose, GlyI lactoylglutathione lyase, GME GDP-D-mannose-3′0.5′-epimerase,
GR glutathione reductase, GSH glutathione, GSSG glutathione disulfide, HSP22 heat shock protein
22, HSP70 heat shock protein 70, HSP90 heat shock protein 90, IARS isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase,
M1-P mannose 1-phosphate, M6-P mannose 6-phosphate, MDA monodehydroascorbate, MDHAR
monodehydroascorbate reductase, MG methylglyoxal, MnSOD manganese superoxide dismutase,
stress induced during natural low tide periods. Adapted from López-Cristoffanini et al. (2015);
numbers next to protein, enzyme, or molecule indicate evidence from
1
Contreras-Porcia et al.
(2011) and Fierro et al. (2017),
2
Contreras-Porcia et al. (2013),
3
López-Cristoffanini et al. (2015),
4
Guajardo et al. (2016), and
5
Fierro et al. (2016). Processes and enzymes with decreased activities
as well as downregulated proteins and transcripts during desiccation are followed by↓, whereas
those with increased activity and upregulated proteins and transcripts are followed by ↑. Organelles
within the cell are depicted by a circle with a continuous line, whereas cycles or structures within
these are denoted by a circle with a dotted line. The direct action of an enzyme/protein/molecule on
a mechanism is indicated with black arrows. An enzyme/protein/molecule is indicated with a gray
arrow when part of an enzymatic pathway. Dotted arrows indicate the enzyme’s mechanism.
Proteins are abbreviated as follows: ABA abscisic acid, ABC ATP-binding cassette transporters,
ACO aconitate hydratase, ADF cofilin/actin depolymerizing factor, ALDO fructose-bisphosphate
aldolase, AP ascorbate peroxidase, APC allophycocyanin alpha subunit, APK adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate kinase, ASC ascorbate, B6 vitamin B6, CA carbonic anhydrase, CAT catalase, Cha60
chaperonin 60, Chl a chlorophyll a, CS cysteine synthase, DHA dehydroascorbate, DHAR dehydroascorbate reductase, DHQsyn 3-dehydroquinate synthase/O-methyltransferase fusion, eEF-2 elongation factor 2, eIF-1 eukaryotic initiation factor 1, eIF-5A translation initiation factor eIF5A,
F1,6BP fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, FNR ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase, GAPDH glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate dehydrogenase, Gbp1 guanylate binding protein 1, Gbp3 guanylate binding protein 3,
GDP-M GDP-d-mannose, GlyI lactoylglutathione lyase, GME GDP-D-mannose-3′0.5′-epimerase,
GR glutathione reductase, GSH glutathione, GSSG glutathione disulfide, HSP22 heat shock protein
22, HSP70 heat shock protein 70, HSP90 heat shock protein 90, IARS isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase,
M1-P mannose 1-phosphate, M6-P mannose 6-phosphate, MDA monodehydroascorbate, MDHAR
monodehydroascorbate reductase, MG methylglyoxal, MnSOD manganese superoxide dismutase,