190
T. Kohyama et al.
in size. Measurements were made at least two times at intervals of a couple of years
for trees ~5 cm in trunk diameter. Aboveground biomass was estimated from trunkdiameter distribution, diameter-height allometry, and diameter-height versus tree
mass allometry [the method of Nagano (1978) for all tropical and warm-temperate
rain forests because of its robustness (cf. Aiba and Kitayama 1998); while for cooltemperate forest of Tomakomai, the method of Takahashi et al. (1998) was employed for deciduous broad-leaves, and the Research group on forest productivity of
the four universities (1960) method for conifers]. The turnover rate of aboveground
biomass used here was that of surviving trees (which should be balanced by the
biomass loss by tree death, ignoring the small contribution of biomass increment by
new recruits). This turnover rate is a component of aboveground net primary production rate together with non-mortal loss of leaves, branches and reproductive
organs.
Acknowledgments
We thank Peter Ashton, Fakhri Bazzaz, Matthew Potts, Eric Macklin, Shin-Ichi
Yamamoto, Masahiko Ohsawa, Masahiko Higashi, Yoh Iwasa, Masahiro Kato,
and Kanehiro Kitayama for comments and suggestion at various stages of this study.
The Bullard Fellowship of Harvard Forest to TK facilitated the analysis in this
paper. This paper is a contribution to IGBP-GCTE-TEMA.
References
Adams 1M, Woodward FI (1989) Patterns in tree species richness as a test of the glacial
extinction hypothesis. Nature 339:699-701
Aiba S, Kitayama K (1999) Structure, composition and species diversity in an altitudesubstrate matrix of rain forest tree communities on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. Plant
EcoI140:139-157
Aiba S, Kohyama T (1996) Tree species stratification in relation to allometry and demography in a warm-temperate rain forest. J Ecol 84:207-218
Currie DJ (1991) Energy and large-scale patterns of animal- and plant-species richness. Am
Nat 137:27-49
Kira T, Shidei T (Eds) (1977) Primary productivity of Japanese forests (JIBP Synthesis 16).
Univ Tokyo Press, Tokyo
Kohyama T (1993) Size-structured tree populations in gap-dynamic forest - the forest architecture hypothesis for the stable coexistence of species. J Ecol 81:131-143
Kohyama T (1996) The role of architecture in enhancing plant species diversity. In: Abe T,
Levin SA, Higashi M (Eds) Biodiversity: an ecological perspective. Springer-Verlag,
New York, pp 21-33
Kohyama T, Takada T (1998) Recruitment rates in forest plots: gf estimates using growth
rates and size distributions. J Ecol 86:633-639
Lieth H, Whittaker RH (Eds) (1975) Primary productivity of the biosphere. Springer-Verlag,
New York
T. Kohyama et al.
in size. Measurements were made at least two times at intervals of a couple of years
for trees ~5 cm in trunk diameter. Aboveground biomass was estimated from trunkdiameter distribution, diameter-height allometry, and diameter-height versus tree
mass allometry [the method of Nagano (1978) for all tropical and warm-temperate
rain forests because of its robustness (cf. Aiba and Kitayama 1998); while for cooltemperate forest of Tomakomai, the method of Takahashi et al. (1998) was employed for deciduous broad-leaves, and the Research group on forest productivity of
the four universities (1960) method for conifers]. The turnover rate of aboveground
biomass used here was that of surviving trees (which should be balanced by the
biomass loss by tree death, ignoring the small contribution of biomass increment by
new recruits). This turnover rate is a component of aboveground net primary production rate together with non-mortal loss of leaves, branches and reproductive
organs.
Acknowledgments
We thank Peter Ashton, Fakhri Bazzaz, Matthew Potts, Eric Macklin, Shin-Ichi
Yamamoto, Masahiko Ohsawa, Masahiko Higashi, Yoh Iwasa, Masahiro Kato,
and Kanehiro Kitayama for comments and suggestion at various stages of this study.
The Bullard Fellowship of Harvard Forest to TK facilitated the analysis in this
paper. This paper is a contribution to IGBP-GCTE-TEMA.
References
Adams 1M, Woodward FI (1989) Patterns in tree species richness as a test of the glacial
extinction hypothesis. Nature 339:699-701
Aiba S, Kitayama K (1999) Structure, composition and species diversity in an altitudesubstrate matrix of rain forest tree communities on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. Plant
EcoI140:139-157
Aiba S, Kohyama T (1996) Tree species stratification in relation to allometry and demography in a warm-temperate rain forest. J Ecol 84:207-218
Currie DJ (1991) Energy and large-scale patterns of animal- and plant-species richness. Am
Nat 137:27-49
Kira T, Shidei T (Eds) (1977) Primary productivity of Japanese forests (JIBP Synthesis 16).
Univ Tokyo Press, Tokyo
Kohyama T (1993) Size-structured tree populations in gap-dynamic forest - the forest architecture hypothesis for the stable coexistence of species. J Ecol 81:131-143
Kohyama T (1996) The role of architecture in enhancing plant species diversity. In: Abe T,
Levin SA, Higashi M (Eds) Biodiversity: an ecological perspective. Springer-Verlag,
New York, pp 21-33
Kohyama T, Takada T (1998) Recruitment rates in forest plots: gf estimates using growth
rates and size distributions. J Ecol 86:633-639
Lieth H, Whittaker RH (Eds) (1975) Primary productivity of the biosphere. Springer-Verlag,
New York