Contents
Foreword
v
Acknowledgments
vii
Contributors
xix
Introduction. Methods in Ecosystem Science: Progress, Tradeoffs,
and Limitations
1
Osvaldo E. Sala, Robert B. Jackson, Harold A. Mooney,
and Robert W. Howarth
References
3
Part 1. Carbon and Energy Dynamics
5
1 Stand Structure in Terrestrial Ecosystems
7
Frank W. Davis and Dar Roberts
Introduction
7
Methodological Approaches
7
Models of Canopy Architecture
8
Remote Sensing Instrumentation for Indirect Methods
11
Portable Ground Instruments
11
Aerial Remote Sensing
12
Approaches for Estimating Stand Structure
18
Canopy Height
19
Vertical Foliar Distribution
19
Stand Density
21
Cover and Leaf Area
22
Biomass
23
Three-Dimensional Structure
24
References
25
2 Methods of Estimating Aboveground Net Primary Productivity
31
Osvaldo E. Sala and Amy T. Austin
Introduction
31
Methods to Estimate ANPP in Fast Turnover Ecosystems
33
Estimates of Aboveground Biomass
35
ix
Foreword
v
Acknowledgments
vii
Contributors
xix
Introduction. Methods in Ecosystem Science: Progress, Tradeoffs,
and Limitations
1
Osvaldo E. Sala, Robert B. Jackson, Harold A. Mooney,
and Robert W. Howarth
References
3
Part 1. Carbon and Energy Dynamics
5
1 Stand Structure in Terrestrial Ecosystems
7
Frank W. Davis and Dar Roberts
Introduction
7
Methodological Approaches
7
Models of Canopy Architecture
8
Remote Sensing Instrumentation for Indirect Methods
11
Portable Ground Instruments
11
Aerial Remote Sensing
12
Approaches for Estimating Stand Structure
18
Canopy Height
19
Vertical Foliar Distribution
19
Stand Density
21
Cover and Leaf Area
22
Biomass
23
Three-Dimensional Structure
24
References
25
2 Methods of Estimating Aboveground Net Primary Productivity
31
Osvaldo E. Sala and Amy T. Austin
Introduction
31
Methods to Estimate ANPP in Fast Turnover Ecosystems
33
Estimates of Aboveground Biomass
35
ix