28
Lang, RH.; Sidhu, J.S. Electromagnetic backscattering
from a layer of vegetation: A discrete approach. IEEE
Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. GE-21:62-71; 1983.
Lemmon, P.E. A spherical densiometer for estimating
forest overstory density. For. Sci. 2:314-320; 1956.
Li, X.w.; Strahler, AH. Geometric-optical bidirectional
retlectance modeling of a conifer forest canopy. IEEE
Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. Ge-24:906-919; 1985.
Li, X.; Strahler, AH. Geometric-optical bidirectional retlectance modeling of the discrete crown vegetation
canopy: Effect of crown shape and mutual shadowing. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 30:276-292;
1992.
Lowman, M.D.; Nadkarni, N.M., eds. Forest Canopies.
London: Academic Press; 1995.
Maguire, D.A; Bennett, W.S. Patterns in vertical distribution of foliage in young coastal Douglas-fir. Can.
J. For. Res. 26:1991-2005; 1996.
Marshall, 1D.; Waring, R.H. Comparison of methods
for estimating leaf-area index in old-growth Douglasfir. Ecology 67:975-979; 1986.
Martens, S.N.; Ustin, S.L.; Norman, 1M. Measurement
of tree canopy architecture, Int. 1 Remote Sens.
12(7): 1525-1545; 1991.
Martens, S.N.; Ustin, S.L.; Rousseau, RA Estimation
of tree canopy leaf area index by gap fraction analysis. For. Ecol. Manage. 61:91-108; 1993.
McAuliffe, J.R. A rapid survey method for the estimation of density and cover in desert plant communities.
1 Vegetat. Sci. 1:653--656; 1990.
McDonald, K.C.; Dobson, M.e.; Ulaby, F.T. Using
MIMICS to model L-band multiangle and multitemporal backscatter for a walnut orchard. IEEE Trans.
Geosci. Remote Sens. 28:477-491; 1990.
McDonald, K.e.; Ulaby, ET. Radiative transfer modelling of discontinuous tree canopies at microwave frequencies. Int. J. Remote Sens. 14:2097-2128; 1993.
Means, J.E.; Acker, S.A; Harding, D.A.; Lefsky, M.A;
Cohen, W.B.; Harmon, M.; Mckee, W.A. Use oflaser
altimetry to estimate forest stand characteristics in the
western Cascades of Oregon. Unpublished manuscript; 1997.
Means, J.E.; Hansen, H.A; Koerper, GJ.; Alaback, P.B.;
M.W.; Klopsch, M.W. Software for Computing Plant
Biomass: BIOPAK User's Guide. Gen. Tech. Rep.
PNW-GTR-340. Portland, Oregon: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station; 1994.
Monsi, M.; Saeki, S. Uber den Lichtfaktor in den Ptlanzengesellschaften und seine Bedeutung fur den Stoffproduktion. Jpn. J. Bot. 14:22-52; 1953.
Mueller-Dombois, D.; Ellenberg, H. Aims and methods
of vegetation ecology. New York: Wiley; 1974.
Frank W. Davis and Dar Roberts
Myneni, RB.; Asrar, G.; Gerstl, S.AW. Radiative transfer in three dimensional leaf canopies, Trans. Theory
Stat. Phys. 19:205-250; 1990.
Myneni, RB.; Maggion, S.; Iaquinto, J.; Privette, J.L.;
et al. Optical remote sensing of vegetation: Modeling,
caveats and algorithms. 51(1):169-188; 1995.
Myneni, RB.; Nemani, RR.; Running, S.w. Estimation
of global Leaf Area Index and absorbed PAR using
radiative transer models. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote
Sens. Environ. 35:1380--1393; 1997.
Nelson, R.; Swift, R; Krabill, W. Using airborne laser
to estimate forest canopy and stand characteristics. J.
For. 86:31-38; 1988.
Nilson, T. A theoretical analysis of the frequency of
gaps in plant stands. Agric. Meteorol. 8:25-38; 1971.
Nilsson, M. Estimation of tree heights and stand volume
using an airborne lidar system. Remote Sens. Environ. 56:1-7; 1996.
Norman, J.M.; Campbell, G.S. Canopy structure. In:
Pearcy, RW.; Ehleringer, 1; Mooney, H.A; Rundel,
P.w., eds. Plant Physiological Ecology: Field Methods and Instrumentation. London: Chapman and
Hall; 1989:301-325.
Norman, J.M.; Jarvis, P.G. Photosynthesis in Sitka
spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.). III. Measurements of canopy structure and interception of radiation. J. Appl. Ecol. 11:375-398; 1974.
Oker-Blom, P.; Pukkala, T.; Kuuluvainen, T. Relationship between radiation interception and photosynthesis in forest canopies: Effect of stand structure and
latitude. Ecol. Model. 49:73-87; 1989.
Parker, G.G.; Smith, AP.; Hogan, K.P. Access to the
upper forest canopy with a large tower crane sampling the treetops in three dimensions. Bioscience
42:664-670; 1992.
Pech, RP.; Graetz, RD.; Davis, AW. Retlectance modelling and the derivation of vegetation indices for an
Australian semi-arid shrubland. Int. J. Remote Sens.
7:389-403; 1986.
Philipson, W.R, ed. Manual of Photographic Interpretation. 2nd ed. Falls Church, VA: American Society
for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing; 1997.
Pierce, L.E.; Ulaby, ET.; Sarabandi, K.; Dobson, M.e.
Knowledge-based classification of polarimetric SAR
images. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 32:10811086; 1994.
Pitt, D.G.; Glover, G.R.; Jones, R.H. 1996. Two-phase
sampling of woody and herbaceous plant communities using large scale aerial photographs. Can. J. For.
Res. 26:509-524; 1996.
Polatin, P.K.; Sarabandi, K.; Ulaby, ET. An iterative inversion algorithm with application to the polarimetric
radar response of vegetation canopies. IEEE Trans.
Geosci. Remote Sens. 30:412-415; 1994.
Lang, RH.; Sidhu, J.S. Electromagnetic backscattering
from a layer of vegetation: A discrete approach. IEEE
Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. GE-21:62-71; 1983.
Lemmon, P.E. A spherical densiometer for estimating
forest overstory density. For. Sci. 2:314-320; 1956.
Li, X.w.; Strahler, AH. Geometric-optical bidirectional
retlectance modeling of a conifer forest canopy. IEEE
Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. Ge-24:906-919; 1985.
Li, X.; Strahler, AH. Geometric-optical bidirectional retlectance modeling of the discrete crown vegetation
canopy: Effect of crown shape and mutual shadowing. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 30:276-292;
1992.
Lowman, M.D.; Nadkarni, N.M., eds. Forest Canopies.
London: Academic Press; 1995.
Maguire, D.A; Bennett, W.S. Patterns in vertical distribution of foliage in young coastal Douglas-fir. Can.
J. For. Res. 26:1991-2005; 1996.
Marshall, 1D.; Waring, R.H. Comparison of methods
for estimating leaf-area index in old-growth Douglasfir. Ecology 67:975-979; 1986.
Martens, S.N.; Ustin, S.L.; Norman, 1M. Measurement
of tree canopy architecture, Int. 1 Remote Sens.
12(7): 1525-1545; 1991.
Martens, S.N.; Ustin, S.L.; Rousseau, RA Estimation
of tree canopy leaf area index by gap fraction analysis. For. Ecol. Manage. 61:91-108; 1993.
McAuliffe, J.R. A rapid survey method for the estimation of density and cover in desert plant communities.
1 Vegetat. Sci. 1:653--656; 1990.
McDonald, K.C.; Dobson, M.e.; Ulaby, F.T. Using
MIMICS to model L-band multiangle and multitemporal backscatter for a walnut orchard. IEEE Trans.
Geosci. Remote Sens. 28:477-491; 1990.
McDonald, K.e.; Ulaby, ET. Radiative transfer modelling of discontinuous tree canopies at microwave frequencies. Int. J. Remote Sens. 14:2097-2128; 1993.
Means, J.E.; Acker, S.A; Harding, D.A.; Lefsky, M.A;
Cohen, W.B.; Harmon, M.; Mckee, W.A. Use oflaser
altimetry to estimate forest stand characteristics in the
western Cascades of Oregon. Unpublished manuscript; 1997.
Means, J.E.; Hansen, H.A; Koerper, GJ.; Alaback, P.B.;
M.W.; Klopsch, M.W. Software for Computing Plant
Biomass: BIOPAK User's Guide. Gen. Tech. Rep.
PNW-GTR-340. Portland, Oregon: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station; 1994.
Monsi, M.; Saeki, S. Uber den Lichtfaktor in den Ptlanzengesellschaften und seine Bedeutung fur den Stoffproduktion. Jpn. J. Bot. 14:22-52; 1953.
Mueller-Dombois, D.; Ellenberg, H. Aims and methods
of vegetation ecology. New York: Wiley; 1974.
Frank W. Davis and Dar Roberts
Myneni, RB.; Asrar, G.; Gerstl, S.AW. Radiative transfer in three dimensional leaf canopies, Trans. Theory
Stat. Phys. 19:205-250; 1990.
Myneni, RB.; Maggion, S.; Iaquinto, J.; Privette, J.L.;
et al. Optical remote sensing of vegetation: Modeling,
caveats and algorithms. 51(1):169-188; 1995.
Myneni, RB.; Nemani, RR.; Running, S.w. Estimation
of global Leaf Area Index and absorbed PAR using
radiative transer models. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote
Sens. Environ. 35:1380--1393; 1997.
Nelson, R.; Swift, R; Krabill, W. Using airborne laser
to estimate forest canopy and stand characteristics. J.
For. 86:31-38; 1988.
Nilson, T. A theoretical analysis of the frequency of
gaps in plant stands. Agric. Meteorol. 8:25-38; 1971.
Nilsson, M. Estimation of tree heights and stand volume
using an airborne lidar system. Remote Sens. Environ. 56:1-7; 1996.
Norman, J.M.; Campbell, G.S. Canopy structure. In:
Pearcy, RW.; Ehleringer, 1; Mooney, H.A; Rundel,
P.w., eds. Plant Physiological Ecology: Field Methods and Instrumentation. London: Chapman and
Hall; 1989:301-325.
Norman, J.M.; Jarvis, P.G. Photosynthesis in Sitka
spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.). III. Measurements of canopy structure and interception of radiation. J. Appl. Ecol. 11:375-398; 1974.
Oker-Blom, P.; Pukkala, T.; Kuuluvainen, T. Relationship between radiation interception and photosynthesis in forest canopies: Effect of stand structure and
latitude. Ecol. Model. 49:73-87; 1989.
Parker, G.G.; Smith, AP.; Hogan, K.P. Access to the
upper forest canopy with a large tower crane sampling the treetops in three dimensions. Bioscience
42:664-670; 1992.
Pech, RP.; Graetz, RD.; Davis, AW. Retlectance modelling and the derivation of vegetation indices for an
Australian semi-arid shrubland. Int. J. Remote Sens.
7:389-403; 1986.
Philipson, W.R, ed. Manual of Photographic Interpretation. 2nd ed. Falls Church, VA: American Society
for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing; 1997.
Pierce, L.E.; Ulaby, ET.; Sarabandi, K.; Dobson, M.e.
Knowledge-based classification of polarimetric SAR
images. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 32:10811086; 1994.
Pitt, D.G.; Glover, G.R.; Jones, R.H. 1996. Two-phase
sampling of woody and herbaceous plant communities using large scale aerial photographs. Can. J. For.
Res. 26:509-524; 1996.
Polatin, P.K.; Sarabandi, K.; Ulaby, ET. An iterative inversion algorithm with application to the polarimetric
radar response of vegetation canopies. IEEE Trans.
Geosci. Remote Sens. 30:412-415; 1994.