22. Assessing the Effects of Acidification on Aquatic Ecosystems: Insights from Lake Experiments
339
consin, USA Verh. Internat. Verein. Lirnnol.
23:2279-2285; 1988.
Frost, T.M.; Montz, P.K.; Kratz, T.K. Zooplankton community responses during recovery from acidification:
Limited persistence by acid-favored species in Little
Rock Lake, Wisconsin. Restor. Ecol. 6:336-342;
1998.
Frost, T.M.; Montz, P.K.; Kratz, T.K.; Badillo, T.; Brezonik, P.L.; Gonzalez, MJ.; Rada, R.G.; Watras, CJ.;
Webster, K.E.; Wiener, J.G.; Williamson, C.E.; Morris, D.P. Multiple stresses from a single agent: Diverse
responses to the experimental acidification of Little
Rock Lake, Wisconsin. Lirnnol. Oceanogr. 44:784794; 1999.
Gonzalez, MJ.; Frost, T.M. Comparisons of laboratory
bioassays and a whole-lake experiment: Rotifer responses to experimental acidification. Ecol. Applic.
4:69-80; 1994.
Havens, K.E. Acidification effects on the algalzooplankton interface. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.
49:2507-2514; 1992.
Hutchinson, G.B. A Treatise on Limnology. Vol. l. Geography, Physics and Chemistry. New York: Wiley;
1957.
Husar, R.B.; Sullivan, T.J.; Charles, D.E Historical
trends in atmosheric sulfur deposition and methods for
assessing long-term trends in surface water chemistry.
In: Charles, D.E, ed. Acidic Deposition and Aquatic
Ecosystems: Regional Case Studies. New York:
Springer-Verlag; 1991:65-82.
Ives, A.R. Predicting the response of populations to environmental change. Ecology 76:926-941; 1995.
Jenkins, A; Ferrier, R.C.; Kirby, C., eds. EcosystemManipulation Experiments: Scientific Approaches, Experimental Design and Relevant Results. Ecosystems Research Report 20. Office for Official Publications of
the European Communities: Luxembourg; 1995.
Kratz, T.K.; Cook, R.B.; Bowser, C.J.; Brezonik, P.L.
Winter and spring pH depressions in northern Wisconsin lakes caused by increases in pC02• Can. J. Fish.
Aquat. Sci. 44:1082-1088; 1987.
Locke, A; Sprules, w.G. Effects of acidification on zooplankton population and community dynamics. Can.
J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50:1238-1247; 1993.
Martin, L. The Physical Geography oJ Wisconsin. Madison, WI: Univ. Wisconsin Pr.; 1965.
McKnight, D.; Bencala; K.E. Diel variations in iron
chemistry in an acidic stream in the Colorado Rocky
Mountains, USA Arct. Alp. Res. 20:492-500; 1988.
Munson, R.K.; Gherini, S.A Processes influencing the
acid-base chemistry of surface waters. In: Charles,
D.E, ed. Acidic Deposition and Aquatic Ecosystems:
Regional Case Studies. New York: Springer-Verlag;
1991:9-34.
Petersen, J.E.; Chen, Chung-Chi; Kemp, W.M. Scaling
aquatic primary productivity experiments under
nutrient- and light-limited conditions. Ecology
78:2326-2338; 1997.
Rasmussen, P.w.; Heisey, D.M.; Nordheim, E.V.; Frost,
T.M. Time-series intervention analysis: Unreplicated
large-scale experiments In: Scheiner, S.M.; Gurevitch,
J., eds. Design and Analysis oj Ecological Experiments. New York: Chapman and Hall; 1993:138-158.
Rudd, J.W.M.; Kelly, C.A.; Schindler, D.W.; Turner,
M.A Disruption of the nitrogen cycle in acidified
lakes. Science 240:1525-1527; 1988.
Schindler, D.W. The significance of in-lake production
of alkalinity. Water Air Soil Pollut. 30:931-944; 1986.
Schindler, D.W. Effects of acid rain on freshwater ecosystems. Science 239:149-157; 1988.
Schindler, D.W.; Mills, K.H.; Malley, D.E; Findlay, D.L.;
Shearer, J.A; Davies, 1.1.; Turner, M.A; Linsey, G.A;
Cruikshank, D.R. Long-term ecosystem stress: The effects of years of experimental acidification on a small
lake. Science 228:1395-1401; 1985.
Schindler, D.W.; Kasian, S.B.M.; Hesslein; R.H. Biological impoverishment in lakes of the midwestern and
northeastern United States from acid rain. Environ.
Sci. Tech. 23:573-580; 1989.
Schindler, D.W.; Frost, T.M.; Mills, K.H.; Chang, P.S.S.;
Davies, 1.1.; Findlay, D.L.; Malley, D.E; Shearer, J.A;
Turner, M.A; Garrison, PJ.; Watras, CJ.; Webster,
K.E.; Gunn, J.M.; Brezonik, P.L.; Swenson, W.A
Comparisons
between
experimentallyand
atmospherically-acidified lakes during stress and recovery. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. 97B:193-226; 1991.
Schindler, D.W.; Curtis, P.J.; Parker, B.R.; Stainton, M.P.
Consequences of climate warming and lake acidification for UV-B penetration in North American boreal
lakes. Nature 379:705-708; 1996.
Schrenk, M.O.; Edwards, K.J.; Goodman, R.M.; Hamers,
R.J.; Banfield, J.E Distribution of Thiobacillus Jerrooxicans and LeptospriillumJerrooxidans: Implications
for generation of acid mine drainage. Science
279:1519-1522; 1998.
Smol, J.P.; Charles, D.E; Whitehead, D.R. Mallomonadacean microfossils provide evidence of recent lake
acidification. Nature 307:628-630; 1984.
Stewart-Oaten, A; Bence, J.R.; Osenberg; C.W. Assessing effects of unreplicated perturbations: No simple
solutions. Ecology 73:1396-1404; 1992.
Stumm, w.; Morgan, J.J. Aquatic Chemistry. 2nd ed.
New York: Wiley; 1981.
Webster, K.E.; Newel, AD.; Baker, L.A; Brezonik, P.L.
Climatically induced rapid acidification of a softwater
seepage lake. Nature 347:374-376; 1990.
Webster, K.E.; Frost, T.M.; Watras, CJ.; Swenson, W.A;
Gonzalez, M.; Garrison, P.J. Complex biological responses to the experimental acidification of Little
339
consin, USA Verh. Internat. Verein. Lirnnol.
23:2279-2285; 1988.
Frost, T.M.; Montz, P.K.; Kratz, T.K. Zooplankton community responses during recovery from acidification:
Limited persistence by acid-favored species in Little
Rock Lake, Wisconsin. Restor. Ecol. 6:336-342;
1998.
Frost, T.M.; Montz, P.K.; Kratz, T.K.; Badillo, T.; Brezonik, P.L.; Gonzalez, MJ.; Rada, R.G.; Watras, CJ.;
Webster, K.E.; Wiener, J.G.; Williamson, C.E.; Morris, D.P. Multiple stresses from a single agent: Diverse
responses to the experimental acidification of Little
Rock Lake, Wisconsin. Lirnnol. Oceanogr. 44:784794; 1999.
Gonzalez, MJ.; Frost, T.M. Comparisons of laboratory
bioassays and a whole-lake experiment: Rotifer responses to experimental acidification. Ecol. Applic.
4:69-80; 1994.
Havens, K.E. Acidification effects on the algalzooplankton interface. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.
49:2507-2514; 1992.
Hutchinson, G.B. A Treatise on Limnology. Vol. l. Geography, Physics and Chemistry. New York: Wiley;
1957.
Husar, R.B.; Sullivan, T.J.; Charles, D.E Historical
trends in atmosheric sulfur deposition and methods for
assessing long-term trends in surface water chemistry.
In: Charles, D.E, ed. Acidic Deposition and Aquatic
Ecosystems: Regional Case Studies. New York:
Springer-Verlag; 1991:65-82.
Ives, A.R. Predicting the response of populations to environmental change. Ecology 76:926-941; 1995.
Jenkins, A; Ferrier, R.C.; Kirby, C., eds. EcosystemManipulation Experiments: Scientific Approaches, Experimental Design and Relevant Results. Ecosystems Research Report 20. Office for Official Publications of
the European Communities: Luxembourg; 1995.
Kratz, T.K.; Cook, R.B.; Bowser, C.J.; Brezonik, P.L.
Winter and spring pH depressions in northern Wisconsin lakes caused by increases in pC02• Can. J. Fish.
Aquat. Sci. 44:1082-1088; 1987.
Locke, A; Sprules, w.G. Effects of acidification on zooplankton population and community dynamics. Can.
J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50:1238-1247; 1993.
Martin, L. The Physical Geography oJ Wisconsin. Madison, WI: Univ. Wisconsin Pr.; 1965.
McKnight, D.; Bencala; K.E. Diel variations in iron
chemistry in an acidic stream in the Colorado Rocky
Mountains, USA Arct. Alp. Res. 20:492-500; 1988.
Munson, R.K.; Gherini, S.A Processes influencing the
acid-base chemistry of surface waters. In: Charles,
D.E, ed. Acidic Deposition and Aquatic Ecosystems:
Regional Case Studies. New York: Springer-Verlag;
1991:9-34.
Petersen, J.E.; Chen, Chung-Chi; Kemp, W.M. Scaling
aquatic primary productivity experiments under
nutrient- and light-limited conditions. Ecology
78:2326-2338; 1997.
Rasmussen, P.w.; Heisey, D.M.; Nordheim, E.V.; Frost,
T.M. Time-series intervention analysis: Unreplicated
large-scale experiments In: Scheiner, S.M.; Gurevitch,
J., eds. Design and Analysis oj Ecological Experiments. New York: Chapman and Hall; 1993:138-158.
Rudd, J.W.M.; Kelly, C.A.; Schindler, D.W.; Turner,
M.A Disruption of the nitrogen cycle in acidified
lakes. Science 240:1525-1527; 1988.
Schindler, D.W. The significance of in-lake production
of alkalinity. Water Air Soil Pollut. 30:931-944; 1986.
Schindler, D.W. Effects of acid rain on freshwater ecosystems. Science 239:149-157; 1988.
Schindler, D.W.; Mills, K.H.; Malley, D.E; Findlay, D.L.;
Shearer, J.A; Davies, 1.1.; Turner, M.A; Linsey, G.A;
Cruikshank, D.R. Long-term ecosystem stress: The effects of years of experimental acidification on a small
lake. Science 228:1395-1401; 1985.
Schindler, D.W.; Kasian, S.B.M.; Hesslein; R.H. Biological impoverishment in lakes of the midwestern and
northeastern United States from acid rain. Environ.
Sci. Tech. 23:573-580; 1989.
Schindler, D.W.; Frost, T.M.; Mills, K.H.; Chang, P.S.S.;
Davies, 1.1.; Findlay, D.L.; Malley, D.E; Shearer, J.A;
Turner, M.A; Garrison, PJ.; Watras, CJ.; Webster,
K.E.; Gunn, J.M.; Brezonik, P.L.; Swenson, W.A
Comparisons
between
experimentallyand
atmospherically-acidified lakes during stress and recovery. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. 97B:193-226; 1991.
Schindler, D.W.; Curtis, P.J.; Parker, B.R.; Stainton, M.P.
Consequences of climate warming and lake acidification for UV-B penetration in North American boreal
lakes. Nature 379:705-708; 1996.
Schrenk, M.O.; Edwards, K.J.; Goodman, R.M.; Hamers,
R.J.; Banfield, J.E Distribution of Thiobacillus Jerrooxicans and LeptospriillumJerrooxidans: Implications
for generation of acid mine drainage. Science
279:1519-1522; 1998.
Smol, J.P.; Charles, D.E; Whitehead, D.R. Mallomonadacean microfossils provide evidence of recent lake
acidification. Nature 307:628-630; 1984.
Stewart-Oaten, A; Bence, J.R.; Osenberg; C.W. Assessing effects of unreplicated perturbations: No simple
solutions. Ecology 73:1396-1404; 1992.
Stumm, w.; Morgan, J.J. Aquatic Chemistry. 2nd ed.
New York: Wiley; 1981.
Webster, K.E.; Newel, AD.; Baker, L.A; Brezonik, P.L.
Climatically induced rapid acidification of a softwater
seepage lake. Nature 347:374-376; 1990.
Webster, K.E.; Frost, T.M.; Watras, CJ.; Swenson, W.A;
Gonzalez, M.; Garrison, P.J. Complex biological responses to the experimental acidification of Little