274
much to learn about quantifying inputs to atmospheric ecosystems, it can be argued that some of
the greatest challenges now lie at the interface between atmospheric deposition and ecosystem function. The time is right to develop better understanding of how atmospheric inputs affect and maintain
the long-term function and sustainability of natural
(and human-impacted) ecosystems throughout the
world (see Chadwick et al. 1999).
References
Aber, J.; McDowell, w.; Nadelhoffer, K.; Magill, A.;
Berntson, G.; Kamakea, M.; McNulty, S.; Currie, W.;
Rustad, L.; Fernandez, I. Nitrogen saturation in temperate forest ecosystems: Hypotheses revisited.
BioScience 48:921-934; 1998.
Agren, GJ.; Bosatta, E. Nitrogen saturation of the terrestrial ecosystem. Environ. Pollut. 54:185-197;
1988.
Aberg, G.; Jacks, G.; Hamilton, PJ. Weathering rates and
87Sr/86Sr ratios: An isotopic approach. J. Hydrol.
lO9:65-78; 1989.
Bailey, S.w.; Hornbeck, lW.; Driscoll, e.T.; Gaudette,
H.E. Calcium inputs and transport in a base-poor forest ecosystem as interpreted by Sr isotopes. Water Resources Research 32:707-719; 1996.
Bigelow, D.S.; Dossett, S.R. Instruction Manual: NADPI
NTN Site Operation. Fort Collins, CO: National Atmospheric Deposition ProgramiNational Trends Network Coordinator, Natural Resource Ecology
Laboratory, Colorado State University; 1998.
Butler, TJ.; Likens, G.E. A direct comparison of
throughfall plus stemflow to estimates of dry and total
deposition of sulfur and nitrogen. Atmos. Environ.
29:1253-1265; 1995.
Chadwick, O.A.; Derry, L.A.; Vitousek, P.M.; Huebert,
B .1.; Hedin, L. O. Changing sources of nutrients during
four million years of ecosystem development. Nature
397:491-497; 1999.
Cornell, S.; Rendell, A.; Jickells, T. Atmospheric inputs
of dissolved organic nitrogen to the oceans. Nature
376:243-246; 1995.
Dambrine, E.; Loubert, M.; Vega, lA.; Lissarague, A.
Localisation of mineral uptake by roots using Sr isotopes. Plant Soil 192:129-132; 1997.
Duce, R.A.; Tindale, N. W. Atmospheric transport of iron
and its deposition in the ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr.
36:1715-1726; 1991.
Durka, w.; Schultze, E.D.; Gebauer, G.; Voerkelius, S.
Effects of forest decline on uptake and leaching of
deposited nitrate determined from 15N and 18 0 measurements. Nature 372:765-767; 1994.
Lars O. Hedin
Duyzer, J.; Fowler, D. Modeling land-atmosphere exchange of gaseous oxides of nitrogen in Europe. Tellus
B 46:353-372; 1994.
Finlayson-Pitts, BJ.; Pitts, lM. Atmospheric Chemistry:
Fundamentals and Experimental Techniques. New
York: Wiley; 1986.
Friedland, AJ.; Miller, E.K.; Battles, J.J.; Thome, J.E
Nitrogen deposition, distribution and cycling in a subalpine spruce-fir forest in the Adirondacks, New York,
USA. Biogeochemistry 14:31-55; 1991.
Fowler, D.; Duyzer, lH.; Baldocchi, D.D. Inputs of trace
gases, particles and cloud droplets to terrestrial surfaces. Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh 97B:35-59; 1991.
Fowler, D.; Unsworth, M.H. Turbulent transfer of sulphur dioxide to a wheat crop. Quart. Rev. R. Meteorol.
Soc. lO5:767-84; 1979.
Garland, J.A. The dry deposition of sulphur dioxide to
land and water surfaces. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 12:245268; 1977.
Gawal, J.E.; Ahner, B.A.; Friedland, AJ.; Morel, EM.M.
Role for heavy metals in forest decline indicated by
phytochelatin measurements. Nature 381:64-65;
1996.
Gillette, D.A.; Stensland, GJ.; Williams, A.L.; Barnard,
w.; Gatz, D.; Sinclair, P.e.; Johnson, T.e. Emissions
of alkaline elements calcium, magnesium, potassium,
and sodium from open sources in the contiguous
United States. Global Biogeochem. Cycl. 6:437-457;
1992.
Gorham, E. Factors influencing supply of major ions to
inland waters, with special reference to the atmosphere. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 72:795-840; 1961.
Gorham, E. Acid precipitation and its influence upon
aquatic ecosystems-an overview. Water Air Soil Pollut. 6:pp.457-481; 1976.
Gorham, E. Scientific understanding of ecosystem acidification: A historical review. Ambio 18:150-154;
1989.
Graedel, T.E.; Crutzen, PJ. The changing atmosphere.
Sci. Am. 261:58-68; 1989.
Graustein, W.e.; Armstrong, R.L. The use of strontium87/strontium-86 ratios to measure atmospheric transport into forested watersheds. Science 219:289-292;
1983.
Hedin, L.O. Stable isotopes, unstable forest. Nature
372:725-726; 1994.
Hedin, L.O.; Armesto, J.J.; Johnson, A.H. Patterns ofnutrient loss from unpolluted, old-growth temperate forests: evaluation of biogeochemical theory. Ecology
76:493-509; 1995.
Hedin, L.O.; Granat, L.; Likens, G.E.; Buishand, T.A.;
Galloway, IN.; Butler, TJ.; Rodhe, H. Steep declines
in atmospheric base cations in regions of Europe and
North America. Nature 367:351-354; 1994.
much to learn about quantifying inputs to atmospheric ecosystems, it can be argued that some of
the greatest challenges now lie at the interface between atmospheric deposition and ecosystem function. The time is right to develop better understanding of how atmospheric inputs affect and maintain
the long-term function and sustainability of natural
(and human-impacted) ecosystems throughout the
world (see Chadwick et al. 1999).
References
Aber, J.; McDowell, w.; Nadelhoffer, K.; Magill, A.;
Berntson, G.; Kamakea, M.; McNulty, S.; Currie, W.;
Rustad, L.; Fernandez, I. Nitrogen saturation in temperate forest ecosystems: Hypotheses revisited.
BioScience 48:921-934; 1998.
Agren, GJ.; Bosatta, E. Nitrogen saturation of the terrestrial ecosystem. Environ. Pollut. 54:185-197;
1988.
Aberg, G.; Jacks, G.; Hamilton, PJ. Weathering rates and
87Sr/86Sr ratios: An isotopic approach. J. Hydrol.
lO9:65-78; 1989.
Bailey, S.w.; Hornbeck, lW.; Driscoll, e.T.; Gaudette,
H.E. Calcium inputs and transport in a base-poor forest ecosystem as interpreted by Sr isotopes. Water Resources Research 32:707-719; 1996.
Bigelow, D.S.; Dossett, S.R. Instruction Manual: NADPI
NTN Site Operation. Fort Collins, CO: National Atmospheric Deposition ProgramiNational Trends Network Coordinator, Natural Resource Ecology
Laboratory, Colorado State University; 1998.
Butler, TJ.; Likens, G.E. A direct comparison of
throughfall plus stemflow to estimates of dry and total
deposition of sulfur and nitrogen. Atmos. Environ.
29:1253-1265; 1995.
Chadwick, O.A.; Derry, L.A.; Vitousek, P.M.; Huebert,
B .1.; Hedin, L. O. Changing sources of nutrients during
four million years of ecosystem development. Nature
397:491-497; 1999.
Cornell, S.; Rendell, A.; Jickells, T. Atmospheric inputs
of dissolved organic nitrogen to the oceans. Nature
376:243-246; 1995.
Dambrine, E.; Loubert, M.; Vega, lA.; Lissarague, A.
Localisation of mineral uptake by roots using Sr isotopes. Plant Soil 192:129-132; 1997.
Duce, R.A.; Tindale, N. W. Atmospheric transport of iron
and its deposition in the ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr.
36:1715-1726; 1991.
Durka, w.; Schultze, E.D.; Gebauer, G.; Voerkelius, S.
Effects of forest decline on uptake and leaching of
deposited nitrate determined from 15N and 18 0 measurements. Nature 372:765-767; 1994.
Lars O. Hedin
Duyzer, J.; Fowler, D. Modeling land-atmosphere exchange of gaseous oxides of nitrogen in Europe. Tellus
B 46:353-372; 1994.
Finlayson-Pitts, BJ.; Pitts, lM. Atmospheric Chemistry:
Fundamentals and Experimental Techniques. New
York: Wiley; 1986.
Friedland, AJ.; Miller, E.K.; Battles, J.J.; Thome, J.E
Nitrogen deposition, distribution and cycling in a subalpine spruce-fir forest in the Adirondacks, New York,
USA. Biogeochemistry 14:31-55; 1991.
Fowler, D.; Duyzer, lH.; Baldocchi, D.D. Inputs of trace
gases, particles and cloud droplets to terrestrial surfaces. Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh 97B:35-59; 1991.
Fowler, D.; Unsworth, M.H. Turbulent transfer of sulphur dioxide to a wheat crop. Quart. Rev. R. Meteorol.
Soc. lO5:767-84; 1979.
Garland, J.A. The dry deposition of sulphur dioxide to
land and water surfaces. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 12:245268; 1977.
Gawal, J.E.; Ahner, B.A.; Friedland, AJ.; Morel, EM.M.
Role for heavy metals in forest decline indicated by
phytochelatin measurements. Nature 381:64-65;
1996.
Gillette, D.A.; Stensland, GJ.; Williams, A.L.; Barnard,
w.; Gatz, D.; Sinclair, P.e.; Johnson, T.e. Emissions
of alkaline elements calcium, magnesium, potassium,
and sodium from open sources in the contiguous
United States. Global Biogeochem. Cycl. 6:437-457;
1992.
Gorham, E. Factors influencing supply of major ions to
inland waters, with special reference to the atmosphere. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 72:795-840; 1961.
Gorham, E. Acid precipitation and its influence upon
aquatic ecosystems-an overview. Water Air Soil Pollut. 6:pp.457-481; 1976.
Gorham, E. Scientific understanding of ecosystem acidification: A historical review. Ambio 18:150-154;
1989.
Graedel, T.E.; Crutzen, PJ. The changing atmosphere.
Sci. Am. 261:58-68; 1989.
Graustein, W.e.; Armstrong, R.L. The use of strontium87/strontium-86 ratios to measure atmospheric transport into forested watersheds. Science 219:289-292;
1983.
Hedin, L.O. Stable isotopes, unstable forest. Nature
372:725-726; 1994.
Hedin, L.O.; Armesto, J.J.; Johnson, A.H. Patterns ofnutrient loss from unpolluted, old-growth temperate forests: evaluation of biogeochemical theory. Ecology
76:493-509; 1995.
Hedin, L.O.; Granat, L.; Likens, G.E.; Buishand, T.A.;
Galloway, IN.; Butler, TJ.; Rodhe, H. Steep declines
in atmospheric base cations in regions of Europe and
North America. Nature 367:351-354; 1994.