14. Nutrient Transformations
Nohrstedt, H.-O. Natural formation of ethylene in forest
soils and methods to correct results given by the
acetylene-reduction assay. Soil BioI. Biochem.
15:281-286; 1983.
Nommik, H.; Vahtras, K. Retention and fixation of ammonium and ammonia in soils. In: Stevenson, F.J., ed.
Nitrogen in Agricultural Soils. Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy; 1982:123-171.
Oremland, RS.; Capone, D.G. Use of "specific" inhibitors in biogeochemistry and microbial ecology. Adv.
Microbial Ecol. 10:285-383; 1988.
Oremland, R.S.; Culbertson, c.w. Evaluation of methyl
fluoride and dimethyl ether as inhibitors of aerobic
methane oxidation. Appl. Environ. Microb. 58:29832992; 1992.
Peterjohn, W.T.; Schlesinger, W.H. Nitrogen loss from
deserts in the southwestern United States. Biogeochemistry 10:67-79; 1990.
Pichtel, 1R; Dick, W.A Influence of biological inhibitors on the oxidation of pyritic mine spoil. Soil BioI.
Biochem. 23:109-116; 1991.
Raich, 1W.; Nadelhoffer, KJ. Belowground carbon allocation in forest ecosystems: Global trends. Ecology
70:1346-1354; 1989.
Rice, c.w.; Tiedje, J.M. Regulation of nitrate assimilation by ammonium in soils and in isolated soil microorganisms. Soil. BioI. Biochem. 21:597-602; 1989.
Robertson, G.P.; Vitousek, P.M. Nitrification potentials
in primary and secondary succession. Ecol. 62:376386; 1981.
Rudolph, 1; Koschorreck, M.; Conrad, R Oxidative and
reductive microbial consumption of nitric oxide in a
heathland soil. Soil BioI. Biochem. 28:1389-1396;
1996.
Scheu, S.; Parkinson, D. Changes in bacterial and fungal
biomass C, bacterial and fungal biovolume and ergosterol content after drying, remoistening and incubation of different layers of cool temperate forest soils.
Soil Boil. Biochem. 26:1515-1525; 1994.
Schimel, D.S. Theory and Application of Tracers. San
Diego, CA: Academic; 1993.
Schimel, J.P. Assumptions and errors in the 15NH: pool
dilution technique for measuring mineralization and
immobilization. Soil BioI. Biochem. 28:827-828;
1996.
Schimel, J.P.; Firestone, M.K. Inorganic N incorporation
by coniferous forst floor material. Soil BioI. Biochem.
21:41-46; 1989.
Schimel, J.P.; Firestone, M.K.; Killham, K.S. Identification of heterotrophic nitrification in a sierran forest
soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 48:802-806; 1984.
Schimel, J.P.; Jackson, L.E.; Firestone, M.K. Spatial and
temporal effects on plant-microbial competition for inorganic nitrogen in a California grassland. Soil BioI.
Biochem. 21:1059-1066; 1989.
233
Schlesinger, W.H. Biogeochemistry: An Analysis of
Global Change. San Diego, CA: Academic; 1991.
Schlesinger, W.H.; Peterjohn, W.T. Processes controlling
ammonia volatilization from Chihuahuan desert soils.
Soil BioI. Biochem. 23:637-642; 1991.
Shearer, G.; Duffy, J.; Kohl, D.H.; Commoner, B. A
steady-state model of isotopic fractionation accompanying nitrogen transformations in soil. Soil Sci. Soc.
Am. Proc. 38:315-322; 1974.
Shearer, G.; Kohl, D.H. Nz-fixation in field settings: Estimations based on natural 15N abundance. Aust. J.
Plant Physiol. 13:699-756; 1986.
Shearer, G.; Kohl, D.H.; Chien, S.H. The nitrogen-15
abundance in a wide variety of soils. Soil Sci. Soc.
Am I. 42:899-902; 1978.
Sibbeson, E.A Simple ion-exchange resin procedure for
extracting plant available elements from soil. Plant
Soil 46:665-669; 1977.
Sinaj, S.; Frossard, E.; Fardeau, I.c. Isotopically exchangeable phosphate in size fractionated and unfractionated soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 61:1413-1417;
1997.
Sparks, D.L.; Page, AL.; Helmke, P.A.; Loeppert, RH.;
Soltanpour, P.N.; Tabatabai, M.A.; Johnston, C.T.;
Sumner, M.E., eds. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3.
Chemical Methods. Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America; 1996.
Stanford, G.; Smith, S.J. Nitrogen mineralization potentials of soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 36:465-472;
1972.
Stark, I.M.; Firestone, M.K. Isotopic labeling of soil nitrate pools using nitrogen-15-nitric oxide gas. Soil Sci.
Soc. Am. J. 59:844-847; 1995.
Stark, J.M.; Firestone, M.K. Kinetic characteristics of
ammonium-oxidizer communities in a California oak
woodland-annual grassland. Soil BioI. Biochem.
28:1307-1317; 1996.
Stark, J.M.; Hart, S.c. Diffusion technique for preparing
salt solutions, Kjeldahl digests, and persulfate digests
for nitrogen-15 analysis. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.
60:1846-1855; 1996.
Stark, J.M.; Hart, S.C. High rates of nitrification and nitrate turnover in undisturbed coniferous forests. Nature 385:61-64; 1997.
Steffens, D.; Sparks, D.L. Kinetics of nonexchangeable
ammonium release from soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. I.
61:455-462; 1997.
Stevenson, FJ. Cycles of soil. New York: Wiley; 1986.
Subler, S.; Blair, J.M.; Edwards, C.A Using anion exchange membranes to measure soil nitrate availability
and net nitrification. Soil BioI. Biochem. 27:911-917;
1995.
Tabatabai, M.A Soil enzymes. In: Weaver, RW.; Angle,
S.; Bottomley, P.; Bezdicek, D.; Smith, S.; Tabatabai,
A; Wollum, A, eds. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part
Nohrstedt, H.-O. Natural formation of ethylene in forest
soils and methods to correct results given by the
acetylene-reduction assay. Soil BioI. Biochem.
15:281-286; 1983.
Nommik, H.; Vahtras, K. Retention and fixation of ammonium and ammonia in soils. In: Stevenson, F.J., ed.
Nitrogen in Agricultural Soils. Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy; 1982:123-171.
Oremland, RS.; Capone, D.G. Use of "specific" inhibitors in biogeochemistry and microbial ecology. Adv.
Microbial Ecol. 10:285-383; 1988.
Oremland, R.S.; Culbertson, c.w. Evaluation of methyl
fluoride and dimethyl ether as inhibitors of aerobic
methane oxidation. Appl. Environ. Microb. 58:29832992; 1992.
Peterjohn, W.T.; Schlesinger, W.H. Nitrogen loss from
deserts in the southwestern United States. Biogeochemistry 10:67-79; 1990.
Pichtel, 1R; Dick, W.A Influence of biological inhibitors on the oxidation of pyritic mine spoil. Soil BioI.
Biochem. 23:109-116; 1991.
Raich, 1W.; Nadelhoffer, KJ. Belowground carbon allocation in forest ecosystems: Global trends. Ecology
70:1346-1354; 1989.
Rice, c.w.; Tiedje, J.M. Regulation of nitrate assimilation by ammonium in soils and in isolated soil microorganisms. Soil. BioI. Biochem. 21:597-602; 1989.
Robertson, G.P.; Vitousek, P.M. Nitrification potentials
in primary and secondary succession. Ecol. 62:376386; 1981.
Rudolph, 1; Koschorreck, M.; Conrad, R Oxidative and
reductive microbial consumption of nitric oxide in a
heathland soil. Soil BioI. Biochem. 28:1389-1396;
1996.
Scheu, S.; Parkinson, D. Changes in bacterial and fungal
biomass C, bacterial and fungal biovolume and ergosterol content after drying, remoistening and incubation of different layers of cool temperate forest soils.
Soil Boil. Biochem. 26:1515-1525; 1994.
Schimel, D.S. Theory and Application of Tracers. San
Diego, CA: Academic; 1993.
Schimel, J.P. Assumptions and errors in the 15NH: pool
dilution technique for measuring mineralization and
immobilization. Soil BioI. Biochem. 28:827-828;
1996.
Schimel, J.P.; Firestone, M.K. Inorganic N incorporation
by coniferous forst floor material. Soil BioI. Biochem.
21:41-46; 1989.
Schimel, J.P.; Firestone, M.K.; Killham, K.S. Identification of heterotrophic nitrification in a sierran forest
soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 48:802-806; 1984.
Schimel, J.P.; Jackson, L.E.; Firestone, M.K. Spatial and
temporal effects on plant-microbial competition for inorganic nitrogen in a California grassland. Soil BioI.
Biochem. 21:1059-1066; 1989.
233
Schlesinger, W.H. Biogeochemistry: An Analysis of
Global Change. San Diego, CA: Academic; 1991.
Schlesinger, W.H.; Peterjohn, W.T. Processes controlling
ammonia volatilization from Chihuahuan desert soils.
Soil BioI. Biochem. 23:637-642; 1991.
Shearer, G.; Duffy, J.; Kohl, D.H.; Commoner, B. A
steady-state model of isotopic fractionation accompanying nitrogen transformations in soil. Soil Sci. Soc.
Am. Proc. 38:315-322; 1974.
Shearer, G.; Kohl, D.H. Nz-fixation in field settings: Estimations based on natural 15N abundance. Aust. J.
Plant Physiol. 13:699-756; 1986.
Shearer, G.; Kohl, D.H.; Chien, S.H. The nitrogen-15
abundance in a wide variety of soils. Soil Sci. Soc.
Am I. 42:899-902; 1978.
Sibbeson, E.A Simple ion-exchange resin procedure for
extracting plant available elements from soil. Plant
Soil 46:665-669; 1977.
Sinaj, S.; Frossard, E.; Fardeau, I.c. Isotopically exchangeable phosphate in size fractionated and unfractionated soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 61:1413-1417;
1997.
Sparks, D.L.; Page, AL.; Helmke, P.A.; Loeppert, RH.;
Soltanpour, P.N.; Tabatabai, M.A.; Johnston, C.T.;
Sumner, M.E., eds. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3.
Chemical Methods. Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America; 1996.
Stanford, G.; Smith, S.J. Nitrogen mineralization potentials of soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 36:465-472;
1972.
Stark, I.M.; Firestone, M.K. Isotopic labeling of soil nitrate pools using nitrogen-15-nitric oxide gas. Soil Sci.
Soc. Am. J. 59:844-847; 1995.
Stark, J.M.; Firestone, M.K. Kinetic characteristics of
ammonium-oxidizer communities in a California oak
woodland-annual grassland. Soil BioI. Biochem.
28:1307-1317; 1996.
Stark, J.M.; Hart, S.c. Diffusion technique for preparing
salt solutions, Kjeldahl digests, and persulfate digests
for nitrogen-15 analysis. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.
60:1846-1855; 1996.
Stark, J.M.; Hart, S.C. High rates of nitrification and nitrate turnover in undisturbed coniferous forests. Nature 385:61-64; 1997.
Steffens, D.; Sparks, D.L. Kinetics of nonexchangeable
ammonium release from soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. I.
61:455-462; 1997.
Stevenson, FJ. Cycles of soil. New York: Wiley; 1986.
Subler, S.; Blair, J.M.; Edwards, C.A Using anion exchange membranes to measure soil nitrate availability
and net nitrification. Soil BioI. Biochem. 27:911-917;
1995.
Tabatabai, M.A Soil enzymes. In: Weaver, RW.; Angle,
S.; Bottomley, P.; Bezdicek, D.; Smith, S.; Tabatabai,
A; Wollum, A, eds. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part