13. Measuring Water Availability and Uptake in Ecosystem Studies
213
Peressotti, A.; Ham, J.M. A dual-heater gauge for measuring sap flow with an improved heat-balance
method. Agron. J. 88:149-155; 1996.
Roth, C.H.; Malicki, M.A.; Plagge, R. Empirical evaluation of the relationship between soil dielectric constant and volumetric water content as the basis for
calibrating soil moisture measurements by TDR. J.
Soil Sci. 43:1-13; 1992.
Roth, K.; Schulin, R; Fluhler, H.; Attinger, W. Calibration of time domain reflectometry for water content
measurement using a composite dielectric approach.
Water Resourc. Res. 26:2267-2273; 1990.
Rowell, D.L. Soil Science: Methods and Applications.
New York: Longman; 1994.
Rundel, P.W.; Jarrell, W.M. Water in the environment. In
Pearcy, R.W.; Ehleringer, J.; Mooney H.A.; Rundel,
P.w., eds. Plant Physiological Ecology: Field Methods
and Instrumentation. London: Chapman and Hall;
1989:29-56.
Sakuratani, T. A heat balance method for measuring sap
flow in the stem of an intact plant. Agricultural Meteorology 37:9-17; 1981.
Saliendra, N.Z.; Meinzer, EC. Genotypic developmental
and drought-induced differences in root hydraulic conductance of contrasting sugarcane cultivars. J. Exp.
Bot. 43:1209-1217; 1992.
Schmugge, T. Measurements of surface soil moisture and
temperature. In Hobbs, RJ.; Mooney, H.A., eds. Remote Sensing of Biosphere Functioning. New York:
Springer-Verlag; 1990:31-63.
Schmugge, T.; Gloersen, P.; Wilheit, T.; Geiger, E Remote sensing of soil moisture with microwave radiometers. J. Geophys. Res. 79:317-323; 1974.
Schmugge, T.; Wang, J.R; Asrar, A. Results from the
push broom microwave radiometer flights over the
Konza Prairie in 1985. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote
Sens. 26:590-596; 1988.
Scholander P.E; Hammel, H.T.; Bradstreet, E.D.; Hemmingsen, E.A. Sap pressure in vascular plants. Science
148:339-346; 1965.
Slatyer, R.O. Plant-Water Relationships. London: Academic; 1967.
Slatyer, RO.; Taylor, S.A. Terminology in plant- and
soil-water relations. Nature 187:922-924; 1960.
Smith, D.M.; Allen, SJ. Measurement of sap flow in
plant stems. J. Exp. Bot. 47:1833-1844; 1996.
Sperry, J. Why you water the garden. BioScience
47:256-258; 1997.
Sperry, J.S.; Pockman, W.T. Limitation of transpiration
by hydraulic conductance and xylem cavitation in Betula occidentalis. Plant Cell Environ. 16:279-287;
1993.
Swanson, RH. Significant historical developments in
thermal methods for measuring sap flow in trees.
Agric. For. Meteorol. 72:113-132; 1994.
Swanson, R; Whitfield, D. A numerical analysis of heat
pulse velocity: Theory and practice. J. Exp. Bot.
32:221-239; 1981.
Topp, G.c.; Davis, J.L. Measurement of soil water
content using time-domain reflectometry (TDR): A
field evaluation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 49:19-24;
1985.
Topp, G.C.; Davis, J.L.; Annan, A.P. Electromagnetic determination of soil water content: Measurements in
coaxial transmission lines. Water Resourc. Res.
16:574-582; 1980.
Topp, G.C.; Davis, J.L.; Annan, A.P. Electromagnetic determination of soil water content using TDR: 1. Applications to wetting fronts and steep gradients. Soil
Sci. Soc. Am. J. 46:672-678; 1982.
Topp, G.C.; Davis, J.L.; Bailey, w.G.; Zebchuk, W.D.
The measurement of soil water content using a portable TDR hand probe. Can. J. Soil Sci. 64:313-321;
1984.
Tsuda, M.; Tyree, M. Whole-plant hydraulic resistance
and vulnerability segmentation in Acer saccharinum.
Tree Physiol. 17:351-357; 1997.
Tyree, M.T.; Karamanos, AJ. Water stress as an ecological factor. In: Grace, J.; Ford, E.; Jarvis, P., eds. Plants
and Their Atmospheric Environment. Oxford: Blackwell; 1980:237-261.
Tyree, M.T.; Patino, S.; Bennink, J.; Alexander, J. Dynamic measurements of root hydraulic conductance
using a high-pressure flowmeter in the laboratory and
field. J. Exp. Bot. 46:83-94; 1995.
Tyree, M.T.; Sinclair, B.; Lu, P.; Granier, A. Whole shoot
hydraulic resistance in Quercus species measured with
a new high-pressure flowmeter. Ann. Sci. For. 50:417423; 1993.
Tyree, M.T.; Yang, S.; Cruiziat, P.; Sinclair, B. Novel
methods of measuring hydraulic conductivity of tree
root systems and interpretation using AMAIZED.
Plant Physiol. 104:189-199; 1994.
Verhoef, A. The effect of temperature differences between porometer head and leaf surface on stomatal
conductance measurements. Plant Cell Environ.
20:641-646; 1997.
Whalley, W.R. Considerations on the use of time-domain
reflectometry (TDR) for measuring soil water content.
J. Soil Sci. 44:1-9; 1993.
Wiebe H.H.; Brown, R.W.; Barker, J. Temperature gradient effects on in situ hygrometer measurements of
water potential. Agron. J. 69:933-939; 1977.
Wiltshire, UJ.; Wright, C.J.; CoIls, U.; Unsworth, M.H.
Effects of heat balance stem-flow gauges and associ-
213
Peressotti, A.; Ham, J.M. A dual-heater gauge for measuring sap flow with an improved heat-balance
method. Agron. J. 88:149-155; 1996.
Roth, C.H.; Malicki, M.A.; Plagge, R. Empirical evaluation of the relationship between soil dielectric constant and volumetric water content as the basis for
calibrating soil moisture measurements by TDR. J.
Soil Sci. 43:1-13; 1992.
Roth, K.; Schulin, R; Fluhler, H.; Attinger, W. Calibration of time domain reflectometry for water content
measurement using a composite dielectric approach.
Water Resourc. Res. 26:2267-2273; 1990.
Rowell, D.L. Soil Science: Methods and Applications.
New York: Longman; 1994.
Rundel, P.W.; Jarrell, W.M. Water in the environment. In
Pearcy, R.W.; Ehleringer, J.; Mooney H.A.; Rundel,
P.w., eds. Plant Physiological Ecology: Field Methods
and Instrumentation. London: Chapman and Hall;
1989:29-56.
Sakuratani, T. A heat balance method for measuring sap
flow in the stem of an intact plant. Agricultural Meteorology 37:9-17; 1981.
Saliendra, N.Z.; Meinzer, EC. Genotypic developmental
and drought-induced differences in root hydraulic conductance of contrasting sugarcane cultivars. J. Exp.
Bot. 43:1209-1217; 1992.
Schmugge, T. Measurements of surface soil moisture and
temperature. In Hobbs, RJ.; Mooney, H.A., eds. Remote Sensing of Biosphere Functioning. New York:
Springer-Verlag; 1990:31-63.
Schmugge, T.; Gloersen, P.; Wilheit, T.; Geiger, E Remote sensing of soil moisture with microwave radiometers. J. Geophys. Res. 79:317-323; 1974.
Schmugge, T.; Wang, J.R; Asrar, A. Results from the
push broom microwave radiometer flights over the
Konza Prairie in 1985. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote
Sens. 26:590-596; 1988.
Scholander P.E; Hammel, H.T.; Bradstreet, E.D.; Hemmingsen, E.A. Sap pressure in vascular plants. Science
148:339-346; 1965.
Slatyer, R.O. Plant-Water Relationships. London: Academic; 1967.
Slatyer, RO.; Taylor, S.A. Terminology in plant- and
soil-water relations. Nature 187:922-924; 1960.
Smith, D.M.; Allen, SJ. Measurement of sap flow in
plant stems. J. Exp. Bot. 47:1833-1844; 1996.
Sperry, J. Why you water the garden. BioScience
47:256-258; 1997.
Sperry, J.S.; Pockman, W.T. Limitation of transpiration
by hydraulic conductance and xylem cavitation in Betula occidentalis. Plant Cell Environ. 16:279-287;
1993.
Swanson, RH. Significant historical developments in
thermal methods for measuring sap flow in trees.
Agric. For. Meteorol. 72:113-132; 1994.
Swanson, R; Whitfield, D. A numerical analysis of heat
pulse velocity: Theory and practice. J. Exp. Bot.
32:221-239; 1981.
Topp, G.c.; Davis, J.L. Measurement of soil water
content using time-domain reflectometry (TDR): A
field evaluation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 49:19-24;
1985.
Topp, G.C.; Davis, J.L.; Annan, A.P. Electromagnetic determination of soil water content: Measurements in
coaxial transmission lines. Water Resourc. Res.
16:574-582; 1980.
Topp, G.C.; Davis, J.L.; Annan, A.P. Electromagnetic determination of soil water content using TDR: 1. Applications to wetting fronts and steep gradients. Soil
Sci. Soc. Am. J. 46:672-678; 1982.
Topp, G.C.; Davis, J.L.; Bailey, w.G.; Zebchuk, W.D.
The measurement of soil water content using a portable TDR hand probe. Can. J. Soil Sci. 64:313-321;
1984.
Tsuda, M.; Tyree, M. Whole-plant hydraulic resistance
and vulnerability segmentation in Acer saccharinum.
Tree Physiol. 17:351-357; 1997.
Tyree, M.T.; Karamanos, AJ. Water stress as an ecological factor. In: Grace, J.; Ford, E.; Jarvis, P., eds. Plants
and Their Atmospheric Environment. Oxford: Blackwell; 1980:237-261.
Tyree, M.T.; Patino, S.; Bennink, J.; Alexander, J. Dynamic measurements of root hydraulic conductance
using a high-pressure flowmeter in the laboratory and
field. J. Exp. Bot. 46:83-94; 1995.
Tyree, M.T.; Sinclair, B.; Lu, P.; Granier, A. Whole shoot
hydraulic resistance in Quercus species measured with
a new high-pressure flowmeter. Ann. Sci. For. 50:417423; 1993.
Tyree, M.T.; Yang, S.; Cruiziat, P.; Sinclair, B. Novel
methods of measuring hydraulic conductivity of tree
root systems and interpretation using AMAIZED.
Plant Physiol. 104:189-199; 1994.
Verhoef, A. The effect of temperature differences between porometer head and leaf surface on stomatal
conductance measurements. Plant Cell Environ.
20:641-646; 1997.
Whalley, W.R. Considerations on the use of time-domain
reflectometry (TDR) for measuring soil water content.
J. Soil Sci. 44:1-9; 1993.
Wiebe H.H.; Brown, R.W.; Barker, J. Temperature gradient effects on in situ hygrometer measurements of
water potential. Agron. J. 69:933-939; 1977.
Wiltshire, UJ.; Wright, C.J.; CoIls, U.; Unsworth, M.H.
Effects of heat balance stem-flow gauges and associ-