Contents
23 Large-Scale Water Manipulations
Paul J. Hanson
Introduction
341
341
Active Versus Passive Manipulations
342
Artificial Rainfall
343
Throughfall Interception
344
Verification of Water Treatments
345
Measurement Approaches
345
Dealing with Spatial Variation
346
Collection of Adequate Weather Data
348
Confounding Issues
348
Plot Size and Edge Effects
348
Statistical Replication
349
Conclusions
349
References
350
24 Ecosystem Climate Manipulations
353
Karin P. Shen and John Harte
Introduction
353
Global Climate Change and Ecosystems
353
Methods of Ecosystem Climate Manipulation
355
Laboratory Methods: Growth Chambers
355
Field Manipulations: General Considerations
356
Field Manipulations: Warming Experiments
357
Field Methods: Other Climate Variables
362
Field Methods: Enhancing UV-B Radiation
363
General Recommendations
364
References
365
Part 4. Synthesis and Conclusions
371
25 Ecosystem Modeling
373
Herman H. Shugart
Introduction
373
Lexical Phase
373
Parsing Phase
374
Modeling Phase
375
A Simple Population Model
376
Compartment Models and Material Flow
376
Formulation of Compartment Models for Ecosystem Studies
378
Analysis Phase
381
Model Validation
381
Sensitivity Analysis
381
Stability Analysis
383
Future Directions: Multiple Commodity Models
and Individual-Based Models
383
Multiple Commodity Models
383
Individual-Based Models
385
Conclusions
386
References
386
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