xvi
20 Biotic Manipulation of Aquatic Ecosystems
308
Daniel E. Schindler, Brian R. Herwig, and Stephen R. Carpenter
Introduction
308
Manipulation of Species
308
Species Removals
308
Species Introductions
309
Habitat Manipulations
310
Macrophyte Restoration and Removal in Lakes
310
Restoration of Other Structural Features
311
Wetland Restoration
311
Simulation Modeling, Manipulation Strength, and Statistical
Power
311
Future Prospects
313
Field Guide to Keystones
Humans and Ecosystems
Adaptive Management
References
315
313
313
314
21 Biotic Manipulations Involving Belowground Animals
318
Diana H. Wall and O. James Reichman
Introduction
318
Soil Biota
318
Exclusions as Biotic Manipulations
320
Physical Exclusion Methods
320
Chemical Exclusions
321
Natural Gradients as Treatments
322
Habitat Manipulations
323
Physical Alteration
323
Introductions and Transplants
323
Resource Manipulations
324
Laboratory Studies
324
Summary
325
References
325
22 Assessing the Effects of Acidification on Aquatic Ecosystems:
Insights from Lake Experiments
330
Thomas M. Frost and Janet M. Fischer
Introduction
330
The Chemistry of Acidification
331
What Controls the Anthropogenic Acidification of Aquatic
Ecosystems?
331
Ecological Consequences of Acidification
332
Smaller-Scale Experiments to Evaluate the Effects of
Acidification
332
Contents
Large-Scale Experiments to Evaluate the Effects of Acidification
334
References
338