334
fundamentally, it is a clearly defi ned geographical
marine area to which access rights are prohibited
or severely restricted and the protection of which
is recognized by all surrounding countries.
During the Renaissance period, the relationship between humankind and nature was one of
survival for peasants, and one of aesthetics for
aristocrats. The bourgeois humanism of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was based on the
massive use of natural resources, the transformations and trade of which gradually become global.
We are now forced to consider other relationships
between humanity and nature because the facts
are binding on us; we are in a new era of very
limited size and resources worldwide. As early as
1931 , in Perspectives on the World Today , Paul
Valéry wrote, “The time of the fi nite world
begins.” This new reality for humanity is now
unavoidably upon us.
How shall we now realize the creation of
MPAs in different countries and cultures –
Western, African, Muslim, South American,
Chinese, and Siberian – or, more clearly, in
Europe and Asia and, fi nally, in terms of this conference, between France and Japan.
This is all the more necessary in our country,
given that France has a presence in the four great
oceans (Atlantic, Indian, Pacifi c, and Southern).
With waters covering about 11 million square
kilometers under jurisdiction, France is the second largest maritime nation, behind only the
USA. These territories occur in all climates, and
many are in tropical or equatorial zones. Their
ecosystems are rich and ecologically diverse:
coral reefs and lagoons, atolls, faults, estuaries,
deltas, mangroves, etc. The very important
marine territories of Japan cover about 4.5 million square kilometers.
Recall the 15th Franco-Japanese Symposium
of Oceanography theme: ‘Marine productivity:
disturbance and resilience of socio-ecosystems’.
We believe that overall productivity of the
marine environment has led naturally to the generation of wealth and has gained economic value
in human societies. The intensive exploitation of
natural products, harvested mainly by fi shing, is
the primary disturbance of the marine environment. The creation of MPAs aims to return, at
least partially, the disturbed natural environments
to their previous state. So ideas are needed to
induce and develop resilience in natural
environments.
This trend must continue innovating other
objectives and new jobs based on scientifi c
research and techniques currently underway or
that will appear in the future.
2
Different Types of Marine
Protected Areas
Several national or regional international organizations have attempted to establish a classifi cation system for MPAs, according to the degree of
protection applied. Common rules will apply to
countries with different histories and cultures in
the face of natural processes independent of the
rules and artifi cial boundaries of human
societies.
The establishment of new MPAs changes or
disrupts the behavior of corporations that operate
ancestral or, more recently, more technical or
industrial marine environments. Although significant progress has been made in this direction
recently, new efforts will be needed.
• First type I (or Ia)
Protected category Ia areas are set aside to
conserve biodiversity or some unique geological
features. Human impact is minimized, and visits
or audits verify their proper condition.
• Second type (or Ib)
In this category, the areas are generally large,
intact, or slightly modifi ed. Their character and
natural infl uence is maintained without permanent human habitation or are sparsely populated.
This preserves their natural ecology, and natural
processes predominate for their conservation for
future generations.
• Third type (or II)
Protected areas in this category are large nearnatural areas set aside to protect large-scale
ecological processes, as well as cash and characteristics of regional ecosystems. People may conduct non-disruptive educational, recreational,
scientifi c, or spiritual activities while taking into
account local traditions.
H.-J. Ceccaldi
fundamentally, it is a clearly defi ned geographical
marine area to which access rights are prohibited
or severely restricted and the protection of which
is recognized by all surrounding countries.
During the Renaissance period, the relationship between humankind and nature was one of
survival for peasants, and one of aesthetics for
aristocrats. The bourgeois humanism of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was based on the
massive use of natural resources, the transformations and trade of which gradually become global.
We are now forced to consider other relationships
between humanity and nature because the facts
are binding on us; we are in a new era of very
limited size and resources worldwide. As early as
1931 , in Perspectives on the World Today , Paul
Valéry wrote, “The time of the fi nite world
begins.” This new reality for humanity is now
unavoidably upon us.
How shall we now realize the creation of
MPAs in different countries and cultures –
Western, African, Muslim, South American,
Chinese, and Siberian – or, more clearly, in
Europe and Asia and, fi nally, in terms of this conference, between France and Japan.
This is all the more necessary in our country,
given that France has a presence in the four great
oceans (Atlantic, Indian, Pacifi c, and Southern).
With waters covering about 11 million square
kilometers under jurisdiction, France is the second largest maritime nation, behind only the
USA. These territories occur in all climates, and
many are in tropical or equatorial zones. Their
ecosystems are rich and ecologically diverse:
coral reefs and lagoons, atolls, faults, estuaries,
deltas, mangroves, etc. The very important
marine territories of Japan cover about 4.5 million square kilometers.
Recall the 15th Franco-Japanese Symposium
of Oceanography theme: ‘Marine productivity:
disturbance and resilience of socio-ecosystems’.
We believe that overall productivity of the
marine environment has led naturally to the generation of wealth and has gained economic value
in human societies. The intensive exploitation of
natural products, harvested mainly by fi shing, is
the primary disturbance of the marine environment. The creation of MPAs aims to return, at
least partially, the disturbed natural environments
to their previous state. So ideas are needed to
induce and develop resilience in natural
environments.
This trend must continue innovating other
objectives and new jobs based on scientifi c
research and techniques currently underway or
that will appear in the future.
2
Different Types of Marine
Protected Areas
Several national or regional international organizations have attempted to establish a classifi cation system for MPAs, according to the degree of
protection applied. Common rules will apply to
countries with different histories and cultures in
the face of natural processes independent of the
rules and artifi cial boundaries of human
societies.
The establishment of new MPAs changes or
disrupts the behavior of corporations that operate
ancestral or, more recently, more technical or
industrial marine environments. Although significant progress has been made in this direction
recently, new efforts will be needed.
• First type I (or Ia)
Protected category Ia areas are set aside to
conserve biodiversity or some unique geological
features. Human impact is minimized, and visits
or audits verify their proper condition.
• Second type (or Ib)
In this category, the areas are generally large,
intact, or slightly modifi ed. Their character and
natural infl uence is maintained without permanent human habitation or are sparsely populated.
This preserves their natural ecology, and natural
processes predominate for their conservation for
future generations.
• Third type (or II)
Protected areas in this category are large nearnatural areas set aside to protect large-scale
ecological processes, as well as cash and characteristics of regional ecosystems. People may conduct non-disruptive educational, recreational,
scientifi c, or spiritual activities while taking into
account local traditions.
H.-J. Ceccaldi