307
present, the French oyster farming is in a high
precariousness.
5.2.4 Panarchy
Panarchy is taking into account that “the resilience of a system (…) will depend on the infl uences from states and dynamics at scales above
and below .” This notion opens a wide range of
questions to be studied and discussed. Indeed,
the analysis of panarchy for oyster faming
should include several items: (1) the state and
dynamics of watershed, as perturbations on
watersheds generate impacts on coastal environments and shellfi sh; (2) the state and dynamics
of seawater at the regional level, at the appropriate scale; and (3) the state and dynamics of
ocean, including the effects of climate change
on coastal environment and of ocean acidifi cation on shellfi sh.
6
Conclusion
French oyster farming appears as a complex and
highly dynamic system, which has been able to
adapt to numerous threats and changes both in the
natural environment and economic conditions.
The resilience of the oyster farming socialecological system is important in its social and
economic components. As for the biological and
ecological components, resilience does exist with
regard to changes in the environment but is very
small in case of epidemics, and this phenomenon
would require an in-depth analysis as it is the key
point for the sustainability of the activity. New
paradigms that rely on ecosystem services provided by biodiversity add a new dimension and
make necessary a renewed vision of relationship
between shellfi sh farming and environment. The
question is how to support preventively the development and management of coastal areas in order
to make oyster farming a sustainable activity.
Issues like monoculture, cultural practices, and
management of natural stocks in relation to uses
can be revisited in terms of resilience provided by
biodiversity.
References
Adger WN et al (2005) Social-ecological resistance to
coastal disasters. Science 309(5737):1036–1039
Anonyme (1923) Lecture pour tous −1923. La crise de
l’huître plate, Paris
Anonyme (1955) Journal des débats parlementaires –
1955. Sénat. Séance du 30 Juillet 1955 sur les
Importations d’huîtres
Ballé-Béganton J, Lample M, Bacher C, Fiandrino A,
Guillard V, Laugier T, Mongruel R, Pérez Agúndez JA
(2010) A modelling platform for complex socioecosystems: an application to freshwater management
in coastal zones. In: Swayne DA, Yang W, Voinov AA,
Rizzoli A, Filatova T (eds) International Environment
Modelling and Software Society (iEMSs), Fifth
Biennial Meeting, Ottawa, Canada
Bertin X, Chaumillon E (2006) The implication of oyster
farming in increasing sedimentation rates in a macrotidal bay: the Marennes-Oléron Bay, France. Cah
Biol Mar 47:19–22
Boulanger M, Mariojouls C (2012) Evolutions des pratiques ostréicoles et divergences d’opinion chez les
professionnels: quels fondements, quels arguments?
Baies et Rias 43:4–5
Coste V (1866) Voyage d’exploration sur le littoral de la
France et de l’Italie. Deuxième édition suivie de nouveaux documents sur les pêches fl uviales et marines.
Imprimerie Impériale, Paris
Davaine C (1853) Recherche sur la génération des huîtres.
Thunot et Cie, Paris
Dumbauld BR, Ruesink J (2008) Oyster culture in Willapa
Bay Washington: a case study and framework for
examining resilience of coastal estuaries to disturbance. J Shellfi sh Res 27(4):1004
Dumbauld BR, Ruesink J, Rumrill S (2009) The ecological role of bivalve shellfi sh aquaculture in the estuarine environment: a review with application to oyster
and clam culture in West Coast (USA) estuaries.
Aquaculture 290:196–223
Holling CS (1973) Resilience and stability of ecological
systems. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 4:1–23
Kervella S (2009) Dynamique des sédiments fi ns et mixtes
des zones intertidales de la baie de Marennes-Oléron.
Thèse de doctorat, Université de La Rochelle
Malézieux E (2012) Designing cropping systems from
nature. Agron Sustain Dev 32:15–29
Perry RI, Barange M, Ommer RE (2010) Global changes
in marine systems: a socio-ecological approach. Prog
Oceanogr 87:331–337
Walker B, Holling CS, Carpenter SR, Kinzig A
(2004) Resilience, adaptability and transformability
in social–ecological systems. Ecol Soc 9(2):5
Xu W, Mage JA (2001) A review of concepts and criteria
for assessing agroecosystem health including a preliminary case study of southern Ontario. Agric Ecosyst
Environ 83:215–233
Changes, Adaptations, and Resilience: The Case of French Oyster Farming
present, the French oyster farming is in a high
precariousness.
5.2.4 Panarchy
Panarchy is taking into account that “the resilience of a system (…) will depend on the infl uences from states and dynamics at scales above
and below .” This notion opens a wide range of
questions to be studied and discussed. Indeed,
the analysis of panarchy for oyster faming
should include several items: (1) the state and
dynamics of watershed, as perturbations on
watersheds generate impacts on coastal environments and shellfi sh; (2) the state and dynamics
of seawater at the regional level, at the appropriate scale; and (3) the state and dynamics of
ocean, including the effects of climate change
on coastal environment and of ocean acidifi cation on shellfi sh.
6
Conclusion
French oyster farming appears as a complex and
highly dynamic system, which has been able to
adapt to numerous threats and changes both in the
natural environment and economic conditions.
The resilience of the oyster farming socialecological system is important in its social and
economic components. As for the biological and
ecological components, resilience does exist with
regard to changes in the environment but is very
small in case of epidemics, and this phenomenon
would require an in-depth analysis as it is the key
point for the sustainability of the activity. New
paradigms that rely on ecosystem services provided by biodiversity add a new dimension and
make necessary a renewed vision of relationship
between shellfi sh farming and environment. The
question is how to support preventively the development and management of coastal areas in order
to make oyster farming a sustainable activity.
Issues like monoculture, cultural practices, and
management of natural stocks in relation to uses
can be revisited in terms of resilience provided by
biodiversity.
References
Adger WN et al (2005) Social-ecological resistance to
coastal disasters. Science 309(5737):1036–1039
Anonyme (1923) Lecture pour tous −1923. La crise de
l’huître plate, Paris
Anonyme (1955) Journal des débats parlementaires –
1955. Sénat. Séance du 30 Juillet 1955 sur les
Importations d’huîtres
Ballé-Béganton J, Lample M, Bacher C, Fiandrino A,
Guillard V, Laugier T, Mongruel R, Pérez Agúndez JA
(2010) A modelling platform for complex socioecosystems: an application to freshwater management
in coastal zones. In: Swayne DA, Yang W, Voinov AA,
Rizzoli A, Filatova T (eds) International Environment
Modelling and Software Society (iEMSs), Fifth
Biennial Meeting, Ottawa, Canada
Bertin X, Chaumillon E (2006) The implication of oyster
farming in increasing sedimentation rates in a macrotidal bay: the Marennes-Oléron Bay, France. Cah
Biol Mar 47:19–22
Boulanger M, Mariojouls C (2012) Evolutions des pratiques ostréicoles et divergences d’opinion chez les
professionnels: quels fondements, quels arguments?
Baies et Rias 43:4–5
Coste V (1866) Voyage d’exploration sur le littoral de la
France et de l’Italie. Deuxième édition suivie de nouveaux documents sur les pêches fl uviales et marines.
Imprimerie Impériale, Paris
Davaine C (1853) Recherche sur la génération des huîtres.
Thunot et Cie, Paris
Dumbauld BR, Ruesink J (2008) Oyster culture in Willapa
Bay Washington: a case study and framework for
examining resilience of coastal estuaries to disturbance. J Shellfi sh Res 27(4):1004
Dumbauld BR, Ruesink J, Rumrill S (2009) The ecological role of bivalve shellfi sh aquaculture in the estuarine environment: a review with application to oyster
and clam culture in West Coast (USA) estuaries.
Aquaculture 290:196–223
Holling CS (1973) Resilience and stability of ecological
systems. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 4:1–23
Kervella S (2009) Dynamique des sédiments fi ns et mixtes
des zones intertidales de la baie de Marennes-Oléron.
Thèse de doctorat, Université de La Rochelle
Malézieux E (2012) Designing cropping systems from
nature. Agron Sustain Dev 32:15–29
Perry RI, Barange M, Ommer RE (2010) Global changes
in marine systems: a socio-ecological approach. Prog
Oceanogr 87:331–337
Walker B, Holling CS, Carpenter SR, Kinzig A
(2004) Resilience, adaptability and transformability
in social–ecological systems. Ecol Soc 9(2):5
Xu W, Mage JA (2001) A review of concepts and criteria
for assessing agroecosystem health including a preliminary case study of southern Ontario. Agric Ecosyst
Environ 83:215–233
Changes, Adaptations, and Resilience: The Case of French Oyster Farming