269
the European continent, bordered by three oceans
or semi-enclosed sea bodies, the Atlantic Ocean
(west), the Channel/North Sea (north) and the
Mediterranean Sea in the south, while Japan is an
archipelago located offshore the Asian continent
and thus surrounded by ocean and semi-enclosed
sea bodies, mainly the Okhotsk Sea (north), the
Pacifi c Ocean (east), the Japan Sea (west) and the
South China Sea in the south.
Nevertheless, we have shown that there were
many convergences of concern in the frame of the
respective national ocean policies and their implementation, and whatever the policies at stake (sectoral or cross-cutting), implementation necessarily
brings back to local consideration from the governance and management points of view.
In both countries, emerging principles and practices of participation and subsidiarity both support
the idea that decision-making should be taken as
near to the local level as possible, but a broader
framework needs to be in place to ensure adequate
perspective and coherence between different local
initiatives and to provide appropriate technical and
fi nancial support to make them sustainable.
The French region or the so-called prefecture,
in Japan, associated with strategic planning may
hold the key to resolving the problem of territorial and sectoral integration in a manner which
both refl ects national and international policies
and is adapted to local conditions. This is not
necessarily the level at which detailed action
planning and management should take place
since they are essentially local tasks, but the
region (France) or the prefecture (Japan) is potentially a critical enabling level in terms of ICM
initiatives’ coherence in between the local and
national level.
References
Anonymous (2007) Communication from the
Commission – report to the European Parliament and
the Council: an evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone
Management (ICZM) in Europe/*Eur Lex
COM/2007/0308 fi nal */Doc: 52007DC0308
Anonymous (2009a) Secretariat General of the Sea (Prime
Minister) Blue Book. A national strategy for the sea
and oceans. http://www.sgmer.gouv.fr
Anonymous (2009b) General Secretary of the Sea. Blue
Book. A national strategy for the seas and oceans,
p 79. http://www.sgmer.gouv.fr
Anonymous (2010) Japan Satoyama Satoumi assessment.
Satoyama-Satoumi ecosystems and human wellbeing: socio-ecological production landscapes of
Japan – summary for decision-makers. United Nations
University, Tokyo
Ebara A (2000) Coastal management system and ecological preservation in Japan. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on protection and management of
coastal marine ecosystems, Bangkok, Thailand, 12–13
December 2000
Hénocque Y (2010a) The crafting of coastal and ocean
governance. A journey across Europe France and East
Asia Japan. OPRF, Tokyo, 35 pp
Hénocque Y (2010b) Toward the global governance of
coast and ocean social-ecological systems. In: TechnoOcean 2010 conference, Kobe, 14 October 2010.
Keynote speech. OPRF, Tokyo
Hénocque Y (2011) Enhancing social capital for sustainable coastal development: is Satoumi the answer? In:
EMECS 9 symposium, August 2011, Baltimore,
USA. Submitted to Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf
Science Journal
Hidaka T (2011) Rules and regulations supporting
Satoumi as social system. Satoumi Session. In: 9th
international conference on the Environmental
Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas (EMECS 9)
Kagami Y (2011) Remote islands and the international
regime of the protected areas. In: Proceedings of 2nd
international seminar on islands and the oceans,
OPRF, Tokyo, 29 November–1 December 2010
Kotani T (2012) Reluctant sea power: geopolitics in Asia
and Japan’s Maritime strategy. In Ross R et al. (ed)
Twenty-fi rst century seapower: cooperation and
confl ict at sea. Routledge, London
Kuribayashi T (2008) Thinking about the Basic Ocean
Law; enactment of the Basic Ocean Law and its signifi cance. Ship & Ocean Newsletter no 10,
September 2008
Mimura N, Yasuhara K, Kawagoe S, Yokoki H, Kazama S
(2011) Damage from the Great East Japan Earthquake
and Tsunami – a quick report. Mitig Adapt Strateg
Glob Chang 16:803–818
Nakayama M (1997) Legal systems and coastal management. In: Okaichi T, Yanagi T (eds) Sustainable development in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan – from the
viewpoint of fi sheries. Terra Scientifi c Publication
Co., Tokyo, pp 189–214
Ourcoast (2010) ICZM focus in the Baltic Sea region.
Newsletter 5, Ourcoast – ICZM in Europe
Pitcher TJ, Lam ME (2010) Fishful thinking: rhetoric,
reality, and the sea before us. Ecol Soc 15(2):12
Rayfuse R (2011) The Pacifi c Oceanscape: a secure future
for Pacifi c island nations based on ocean conservation
and management. In: Proceedings of 2nd international
seminar on islands and the oceans, OPRF, Tokyo, 29
November–1 December 2010
From Global to Local: A Comparative Ocean and Coastal Management Approach…
the European continent, bordered by three oceans
or semi-enclosed sea bodies, the Atlantic Ocean
(west), the Channel/North Sea (north) and the
Mediterranean Sea in the south, while Japan is an
archipelago located offshore the Asian continent
and thus surrounded by ocean and semi-enclosed
sea bodies, mainly the Okhotsk Sea (north), the
Pacifi c Ocean (east), the Japan Sea (west) and the
South China Sea in the south.
Nevertheless, we have shown that there were
many convergences of concern in the frame of the
respective national ocean policies and their implementation, and whatever the policies at stake (sectoral or cross-cutting), implementation necessarily
brings back to local consideration from the governance and management points of view.
In both countries, emerging principles and practices of participation and subsidiarity both support
the idea that decision-making should be taken as
near to the local level as possible, but a broader
framework needs to be in place to ensure adequate
perspective and coherence between different local
initiatives and to provide appropriate technical and
fi nancial support to make them sustainable.
The French region or the so-called prefecture,
in Japan, associated with strategic planning may
hold the key to resolving the problem of territorial and sectoral integration in a manner which
both refl ects national and international policies
and is adapted to local conditions. This is not
necessarily the level at which detailed action
planning and management should take place
since they are essentially local tasks, but the
region (France) or the prefecture (Japan) is potentially a critical enabling level in terms of ICM
initiatives’ coherence in between the local and
national level.
References
Anonymous (2007) Communication from the
Commission – report to the European Parliament and
the Council: an evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone
Management (ICZM) in Europe/*Eur Lex
COM/2007/0308 fi nal */Doc: 52007DC0308
Anonymous (2009a) Secretariat General of the Sea (Prime
Minister) Blue Book. A national strategy for the sea
and oceans. http://www.sgmer.gouv.fr
Anonymous (2009b) General Secretary of the Sea. Blue
Book. A national strategy for the seas and oceans,
p 79. http://www.sgmer.gouv.fr
Anonymous (2010) Japan Satoyama Satoumi assessment.
Satoyama-Satoumi ecosystems and human wellbeing: socio-ecological production landscapes of
Japan – summary for decision-makers. United Nations
University, Tokyo
Ebara A (2000) Coastal management system and ecological preservation in Japan. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on protection and management of
coastal marine ecosystems, Bangkok, Thailand, 12–13
December 2000
Hénocque Y (2010a) The crafting of coastal and ocean
governance. A journey across Europe France and East
Asia Japan. OPRF, Tokyo, 35 pp
Hénocque Y (2010b) Toward the global governance of
coast and ocean social-ecological systems. In: TechnoOcean 2010 conference, Kobe, 14 October 2010.
Keynote speech. OPRF, Tokyo
Hénocque Y (2011) Enhancing social capital for sustainable coastal development: is Satoumi the answer? In:
EMECS 9 symposium, August 2011, Baltimore,
USA. Submitted to Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf
Science Journal
Hidaka T (2011) Rules and regulations supporting
Satoumi as social system. Satoumi Session. In: 9th
international conference on the Environmental
Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas (EMECS 9)
Kagami Y (2011) Remote islands and the international
regime of the protected areas. In: Proceedings of 2nd
international seminar on islands and the oceans,
OPRF, Tokyo, 29 November–1 December 2010
Kotani T (2012) Reluctant sea power: geopolitics in Asia
and Japan’s Maritime strategy. In Ross R et al. (ed)
Twenty-fi rst century seapower: cooperation and
confl ict at sea. Routledge, London
Kuribayashi T (2008) Thinking about the Basic Ocean
Law; enactment of the Basic Ocean Law and its signifi cance. Ship & Ocean Newsletter no 10,
September 2008
Mimura N, Yasuhara K, Kawagoe S, Yokoki H, Kazama S
(2011) Damage from the Great East Japan Earthquake
and Tsunami – a quick report. Mitig Adapt Strateg
Glob Chang 16:803–818
Nakayama M (1997) Legal systems and coastal management. In: Okaichi T, Yanagi T (eds) Sustainable development in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan – from the
viewpoint of fi sheries. Terra Scientifi c Publication
Co., Tokyo, pp 189–214
Ourcoast (2010) ICZM focus in the Baltic Sea region.
Newsletter 5, Ourcoast – ICZM in Europe
Pitcher TJ, Lam ME (2010) Fishful thinking: rhetoric,
reality, and the sea before us. Ecol Soc 15(2):12
Rayfuse R (2011) The Pacifi c Oceanscape: a secure future
for Pacifi c island nations based on ocean conservation
and management. In: Proceedings of 2nd international
seminar on islands and the oceans, OPRF, Tokyo, 29
November–1 December 2010
From Global to Local: A Comparative Ocean and Coastal Management Approach…