268
3.2
Fisheries and Marine Spatial
Planning
In Japan, besides the rather recent involvement of
environment-led NPOs, ‘common fi shing right
deeply connects with satoumi’ making ‘the
Japanese common fi shing right institution a prototype of satoumi’ (Hidaka 2011 ). Therefore, the
discourse on satoumi cannot be disconnected
from this unique and very original trait of fi shing
right in Japan where local communities and fi shermen co-manage their coastal and marine
resources through fi sheries and/or aquaculture
activities.
As already stated by a Japanese law specialist
in 1997 (Nakayama 1997 ) in the case of the Seto
Inland Sea, ‘with the issue of environmental protection becoming increasingly important to fi sheries today, it is now necessary to aggressively
position environmental protection laws within
the legal system concerned with fi sheries’, and
further, ‘because the protection of marine
resources is an integral part of overall environmental conservation, and because it is a particularly vital issue for fi sheries, fi shery operators
must be cast as major players in the environmental conservation struggle’. In other words, fi shermen must realise that they are one of the main
components in the marine resource use system
and that they therefore must actively participate
in ecosystem-based fi shery based on mutual
agreements through existing or to-be-created
governance forms and procedures (e.g. Shiretoko
World Heritage).
The kind of co-management which characterises the Japanese fi shing rights system is certainly one of the enabling conditions that may
lead to ecosystem-based management, but local
co-management through Fishery Cooperative
Associations often lacks a global perspective and
ecosystem-scale knowledge to set management
and conservation goals (Pitcher and Lam 2010 ).
Traditional ecological knowledge and the capacity to reconstruct past ecosystem states in designing effective restoration strategy (e.g. Hinase,
Bizen City, in Okayama Prefecture) may also
contribute to shift from mere fi sheries to an
ecosystem approach of fi sheries.
Another strong specifi city of the fi shery
system in Japan is the co-management (even
without any legal framework) of marine protected areas or seasonal no-take zones. While
demonstrating a strong capacity in managing the
targeted resources, Fishery Cooperative
Associations remain in a one single sector
approach with a clear recovery goal through the
maintenance of a certain spawning stock biomass
to support future fi shing efforts, while it is more
diffi cult to defi ne recovery goals in an ecosystem
framework.
More generally speaking, place-based integrated coastal management using the Maritime
Spatial Planning (MSP) tool may represent a
promising approach to implement ecosystembased management provided there is no unique
path to conserve marine ecosystems and sustain
livelihoods.
Like Japan and contrary to some other EU
Member States, France did not enter into a systematic use of maritime spatial planning at sea.
At each level of maritime and coastal governance,
strategic planning will be determined by compatible strategic documents:
• At national level: a national strategy for sea
and coastal zones serving as a reference frame
for environmental protection, the development
of marine resources and the concerted and
integrated management of activities related to
the sea and coastal zones.
• At infra-national levels: strategic documents
dealing with marine basins, coastlines, archipelagos or island regions.
• At local level: action plans related to the sea
and coastal zones will be specifi ed in the documents associated with the various legal tools
for planning and management, more particularly the Coherent Territorial Plan (SCOT)
and its maritime component (Anonymous
2009a , b ).
4
Conclusion
France and Japan are two very different countries
from the environmental, socio-economical and
cultural points of view. France is at the edge of
Y. Hénocque
3.2
Fisheries and Marine Spatial
Planning
In Japan, besides the rather recent involvement of
environment-led NPOs, ‘common fi shing right
deeply connects with satoumi’ making ‘the
Japanese common fi shing right institution a prototype of satoumi’ (Hidaka 2011 ). Therefore, the
discourse on satoumi cannot be disconnected
from this unique and very original trait of fi shing
right in Japan where local communities and fi shermen co-manage their coastal and marine
resources through fi sheries and/or aquaculture
activities.
As already stated by a Japanese law specialist
in 1997 (Nakayama 1997 ) in the case of the Seto
Inland Sea, ‘with the issue of environmental protection becoming increasingly important to fi sheries today, it is now necessary to aggressively
position environmental protection laws within
the legal system concerned with fi sheries’, and
further, ‘because the protection of marine
resources is an integral part of overall environmental conservation, and because it is a particularly vital issue for fi sheries, fi shery operators
must be cast as major players in the environmental conservation struggle’. In other words, fi shermen must realise that they are one of the main
components in the marine resource use system
and that they therefore must actively participate
in ecosystem-based fi shery based on mutual
agreements through existing or to-be-created
governance forms and procedures (e.g. Shiretoko
World Heritage).
The kind of co-management which characterises the Japanese fi shing rights system is certainly one of the enabling conditions that may
lead to ecosystem-based management, but local
co-management through Fishery Cooperative
Associations often lacks a global perspective and
ecosystem-scale knowledge to set management
and conservation goals (Pitcher and Lam 2010 ).
Traditional ecological knowledge and the capacity to reconstruct past ecosystem states in designing effective restoration strategy (e.g. Hinase,
Bizen City, in Okayama Prefecture) may also
contribute to shift from mere fi sheries to an
ecosystem approach of fi sheries.
Another strong specifi city of the fi shery
system in Japan is the co-management (even
without any legal framework) of marine protected areas or seasonal no-take zones. While
demonstrating a strong capacity in managing the
targeted resources, Fishery Cooperative
Associations remain in a one single sector
approach with a clear recovery goal through the
maintenance of a certain spawning stock biomass
to support future fi shing efforts, while it is more
diffi cult to defi ne recovery goals in an ecosystem
framework.
More generally speaking, place-based integrated coastal management using the Maritime
Spatial Planning (MSP) tool may represent a
promising approach to implement ecosystembased management provided there is no unique
path to conserve marine ecosystems and sustain
livelihoods.
Like Japan and contrary to some other EU
Member States, France did not enter into a systematic use of maritime spatial planning at sea.
At each level of maritime and coastal governance,
strategic planning will be determined by compatible strategic documents:
• At national level: a national strategy for sea
and coastal zones serving as a reference frame
for environmental protection, the development
of marine resources and the concerted and
integrated management of activities related to
the sea and coastal zones.
• At infra-national levels: strategic documents
dealing with marine basins, coastlines, archipelagos or island regions.
• At local level: action plans related to the sea
and coastal zones will be specifi ed in the documents associated with the various legal tools
for planning and management, more particularly the Coherent Territorial Plan (SCOT)
and its maritime component (Anonymous
2009a , b ).
4
Conclusion
France and Japan are two very different countries
from the environmental, socio-economical and
cultural points of view. France is at the edge of
Y. Hénocque