240
Acknowledgements The authors are indebted to Fabien
Morat for data concerning the shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis , Boris Daniel (AAMP, Agence des aires marines protégées; French agency for Marine Protected Areas) and
Pierre Boissery (AERMC, Agence de l’Eau RhôneMéditerranée- Corse; French agency for water management in south-eastern France and Corsica) for
contributions and valuable comments and to Michael Paul
for improvement of the English text.
References
Boudouresque CF, Meinesz A (1982) Découverte de
l’herbier de posidonie. Parc National de Port-Cros,
Hyères
Boudouresque CF, Mayot N, Pergent G (2006) The outstanding traits of the functioning of the Posidonia
oceanica seagrass ecosystem. Biol Mar Mediterr
13(4):109–113
Boudouresque CF, Bernard G, Pergent G, Shili A,
Verlaque M (2009) Regression of Mediterranean seagrasses caused by natural processes and anthropogenic
disturbances and stress: a critical review. Bot Mar
52:395–418
Boudouresque CF, Bernard G, Bonhomme P, Charbonnel
E, Diviacco G, Meinesz A, Pergent G, Pergent-Martini
C, Ruitton S, Tunesi L (2012) Protection and conservation of Posidonia oceanica meadows. RAMOGE
and RAC/SPA, Tunis
Cardona L, Revelles M, Sales M, Aguilar A, Borrell A
(2007) Meadows of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica
are a signifi cant source of organic matter for adjoining
ecosystems. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 335:123–131
Gobert S, Sartoretto S, Rico-Raimondino V, Andral B,
Chery A, Lejeune P, Boissery P (2009) Assessment of
the ecological status of Mediterranean French coastal
waters as required by the Water Framework Directive
using the Posidonia oceanica Rapid Easy Index:
PREI. Mar Pollut Bull 58:1727–1733
Lopez y Royo C, Casazza G, Pergent-Martini C, Pergent
G (2010) A biotic index using the seagrass Posidonia
oceanica (BiPo), to evaluate ecological status of
coastal waters. Ecol Indic 10:380–389
Lopez y Royo C, Pergent G, Alcoverro T, Buia MC, Casazza
G, Martínez-Crego B, Pérez M, Silvestre F, Romero J
(2011) The seagrass Posidonia oceanica as indicator of
coastal water quality: experimental intercalibration of
classifi cation systems. Ecol Indic 11:557–563
Marbà N, Krause-Jensen D, Alcoverro T, Birk S, Pedersen
A (2012) Diversity of European seagrass indicators:
patterns within and across regions. Hydrobiologia
704:265–278
Molinier R, Picard J (1952) Recherches sur les herbiers de
Phanérogames marines du littoral méditerranéen français. Ann Inst Océanogr 27:157–234
Morat F, Mante A, Drunat E, Dabat J, Bonhomme P,
Harmelin-Vivien M, Letourneur Y (2011) Diet of the
Mediterranean European shag, Phalacrocorax
aristotelis desmarestii , its ecological signifi cance and
interaction with local fi sheries in the Riou Archipelago
(Marseilles, France). Vie Milieu 61(2):77–86
Orfanidis S, Panayotidis P, Stamatis N (2001) Ecological
evaluation of transitional and coastal waters: a marine
benthic macrophytes-based model. Mediterr Mar Sci
2:45–65
Orfanidis S, Panayotidis P, Stamatis N (2003) An insight
to the ecological evaluation index (EEI). Ecol Indic
3:27–33
Orfanidis S, Panayotidis P, Ugland KI (2011) Ecological
Evaluation Index continuous formula (EEI-c) application: a step forward for functional groups, the formula
and reference condition values. Mediterr Mar Sci
12:199–231
Pergent G, Bazairi H, Bianchi CN, Boudouresque CF,
Buia MC, Clabaut P, Harmelin-Vivien M, Mateo MA,
Montefalcone M, Morri C, Orfanidis S, PergentMartini C, Semroud R, Serrano O, Verlaque M (2012)
Mediterranean seagrass meadows: resilience and contribution to climate change mitigation. A short summary. IUCN, Gland/Málaga
Pergent-Martini C, Leoni V, Pasqualini V, Ardizzone GD,
Balestri E, Bedini R, Belluscio A, Belsher T, Borg J,
Boudouresque CF, Boumaza S, Bouquegneau JM,
Buia MC, Calvo S, Cebrian J, Charbonnel E, Cinelli F,
Cossu A, Di Maida G, Dural B, Francour P, Gobert S,
Lepoint G, Meinesz A, Molenaar H, Mansour HM,
Panayotidis P, Peirano A, Pergent G, Piazzi L, Pirrotta
M, Relini G, Romero J, Sanchez-Lizaso JL, Semroud
R, Shembri P, Shili A, Tomasello A, Velimirov B
(2005) Descriptors of Posidonia oceanica meadows:
use and application. Ecol Indic 5:213–230
Personnic S, Boudouresque CF, Astruch P, Ballesteros E,
Blouet S, Bellan-Santini D, Bonhomme P, ThibaultBotha D, Feunteun E, Harmelin-Vivien M, Pergent G,
Pergent-Martini C, Pastor J, Poggiale JC, Renaud F,
Thibaut T, Ruitton S (2014) An ecosystem-based
approach to assess the status of a Mediterranean ecosystem, the Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadow.
Plos One 9(6):1–17 (e98994)
Romero J, Martínez-Crego B, Alcoverro T, Pérez M
(2007) A multivariate index based on the seagrass
Posidonia oceanica (POMI) to assess ecological status
of coastal waters under the water framework directive
(WFD). Mar Pollut Bull 55:196–204
Ruitton S, Boudouresque CF, Personnic S, David R et al
(2013) An ecosystem-based approach to evaluate the
status of Mediterranean ecosystem habitats. Rapp
Comm Int Mer Méditerr 40:577
Sala E, Boudouresque CF, Harmelin-Vivien M (1998)
Fishing, trophic cascades and the structure of algal
assemblages: evaluation of an old but untested paradigm. Oikos 82:425–439
C.F. Boudouresque et al.
Acknowledgements The authors are indebted to Fabien
Morat for data concerning the shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis , Boris Daniel (AAMP, Agence des aires marines protégées; French agency for Marine Protected Areas) and
Pierre Boissery (AERMC, Agence de l’Eau RhôneMéditerranée- Corse; French agency for water management in south-eastern France and Corsica) for
contributions and valuable comments and to Michael Paul
for improvement of the English text.
References
Boudouresque CF, Meinesz A (1982) Découverte de
l’herbier de posidonie. Parc National de Port-Cros,
Hyères
Boudouresque CF, Mayot N, Pergent G (2006) The outstanding traits of the functioning of the Posidonia
oceanica seagrass ecosystem. Biol Mar Mediterr
13(4):109–113
Boudouresque CF, Bernard G, Pergent G, Shili A,
Verlaque M (2009) Regression of Mediterranean seagrasses caused by natural processes and anthropogenic
disturbances and stress: a critical review. Bot Mar
52:395–418
Boudouresque CF, Bernard G, Bonhomme P, Charbonnel
E, Diviacco G, Meinesz A, Pergent G, Pergent-Martini
C, Ruitton S, Tunesi L (2012) Protection and conservation of Posidonia oceanica meadows. RAMOGE
and RAC/SPA, Tunis
Cardona L, Revelles M, Sales M, Aguilar A, Borrell A
(2007) Meadows of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica
are a signifi cant source of organic matter for adjoining
ecosystems. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 335:123–131
Gobert S, Sartoretto S, Rico-Raimondino V, Andral B,
Chery A, Lejeune P, Boissery P (2009) Assessment of
the ecological status of Mediterranean French coastal
waters as required by the Water Framework Directive
using the Posidonia oceanica Rapid Easy Index:
PREI. Mar Pollut Bull 58:1727–1733
Lopez y Royo C, Casazza G, Pergent-Martini C, Pergent
G (2010) A biotic index using the seagrass Posidonia
oceanica (BiPo), to evaluate ecological status of
coastal waters. Ecol Indic 10:380–389
Lopez y Royo C, Pergent G, Alcoverro T, Buia MC, Casazza
G, Martínez-Crego B, Pérez M, Silvestre F, Romero J
(2011) The seagrass Posidonia oceanica as indicator of
coastal water quality: experimental intercalibration of
classifi cation systems. Ecol Indic 11:557–563
Marbà N, Krause-Jensen D, Alcoverro T, Birk S, Pedersen
A (2012) Diversity of European seagrass indicators:
patterns within and across regions. Hydrobiologia
704:265–278
Molinier R, Picard J (1952) Recherches sur les herbiers de
Phanérogames marines du littoral méditerranéen français. Ann Inst Océanogr 27:157–234
Morat F, Mante A, Drunat E, Dabat J, Bonhomme P,
Harmelin-Vivien M, Letourneur Y (2011) Diet of the
Mediterranean European shag, Phalacrocorax
aristotelis desmarestii , its ecological signifi cance and
interaction with local fi sheries in the Riou Archipelago
(Marseilles, France). Vie Milieu 61(2):77–86
Orfanidis S, Panayotidis P, Stamatis N (2001) Ecological
evaluation of transitional and coastal waters: a marine
benthic macrophytes-based model. Mediterr Mar Sci
2:45–65
Orfanidis S, Panayotidis P, Stamatis N (2003) An insight
to the ecological evaluation index (EEI). Ecol Indic
3:27–33
Orfanidis S, Panayotidis P, Ugland KI (2011) Ecological
Evaluation Index continuous formula (EEI-c) application: a step forward for functional groups, the formula
and reference condition values. Mediterr Mar Sci
12:199–231
Pergent G, Bazairi H, Bianchi CN, Boudouresque CF,
Buia MC, Clabaut P, Harmelin-Vivien M, Mateo MA,
Montefalcone M, Morri C, Orfanidis S, PergentMartini C, Semroud R, Serrano O, Verlaque M (2012)
Mediterranean seagrass meadows: resilience and contribution to climate change mitigation. A short summary. IUCN, Gland/Málaga
Pergent-Martini C, Leoni V, Pasqualini V, Ardizzone GD,
Balestri E, Bedini R, Belluscio A, Belsher T, Borg J,
Boudouresque CF, Boumaza S, Bouquegneau JM,
Buia MC, Calvo S, Cebrian J, Charbonnel E, Cinelli F,
Cossu A, Di Maida G, Dural B, Francour P, Gobert S,
Lepoint G, Meinesz A, Molenaar H, Mansour HM,
Panayotidis P, Peirano A, Pergent G, Piazzi L, Pirrotta
M, Relini G, Romero J, Sanchez-Lizaso JL, Semroud
R, Shembri P, Shili A, Tomasello A, Velimirov B
(2005) Descriptors of Posidonia oceanica meadows:
use and application. Ecol Indic 5:213–230
Personnic S, Boudouresque CF, Astruch P, Ballesteros E,
Blouet S, Bellan-Santini D, Bonhomme P, ThibaultBotha D, Feunteun E, Harmelin-Vivien M, Pergent G,
Pergent-Martini C, Pastor J, Poggiale JC, Renaud F,
Thibaut T, Ruitton S (2014) An ecosystem-based
approach to assess the status of a Mediterranean ecosystem, the Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadow.
Plos One 9(6):1–17 (e98994)
Romero J, Martínez-Crego B, Alcoverro T, Pérez M
(2007) A multivariate index based on the seagrass
Posidonia oceanica (POMI) to assess ecological status
of coastal waters under the water framework directive
(WFD). Mar Pollut Bull 55:196–204
Ruitton S, Boudouresque CF, Personnic S, David R et al
(2013) An ecosystem-based approach to evaluate the
status of Mediterranean ecosystem habitats. Rapp
Comm Int Mer Méditerr 40:577
Sala E, Boudouresque CF, Harmelin-Vivien M (1998)
Fishing, trophic cascades and the structure of algal
assemblages: evaluation of an old but untested paradigm. Oikos 82:425–439
C.F. Boudouresque et al.