X
Contents
3.3 Analysis of the Beneficiaries of PGRF A Conservation.............
55
3.4 Incentives for the Conservation ofPGRFA...............................
57
3.4.1 Theory of the Conservation ofPGRFA..........................
57
3.4.2 Economic Mechanisms of Incentives for the
Conservation of PGRF A ...............................................
64
4 Institutional Frameworks for the Exchange and Utilization
of PGRFA............................................................................... 75
4.1 Institutional Aspects of Exchange of PGRF A ...........................
76
4.2 Actors in the Conservation and Exchange Activities
of Plant Genetic Resources.......................................................
78
4.3 Protection of Intellectual Property Rights as Enforcement
of the Exchange of PGRF A......................................................
84
4.3.1 International Agreements and the Ownership of Genetic
Resources.....................................................................
84
4.3.2 International Agreements and Their Coherence..............
87
4.4 Different Systems for the Transaction of Genetic Resources .....
90
4.4.1 Multilateral System ofPGRFA Exchange......................
91
4.4.2 Bilateral System ofPGRFA Exchange ..........................
94
4.4.3 Market System ofPGRFA Exchange.............................
95
4.4.4 Determinants for the Development of Different Exchange
Systems and Their Funding...........................................
96
5 Conservation Costs of PGRFA............................................. 101
5.1 Analysis of the Costs for PGRF A Conservation According to
Different Categories ................................................................ 102
5.1.1 Costs of ex Situ Conservation ........ ........ ... .................... 103
5.l. 2 Costs of in Situ Conservation........................................
III
5. 1.3 Transaction Costs of PGRF A Conservation...................
114
5.2 Expenditures of PGRF A Conservation at Country Level........... 115
5.3 Analysis of the International Expenditures in 1995................... 127
5.4 Effectiveness ofPGRFA Conservation for Analyzed Countries
139
6 Two Examples of PGRFA Conservation Systems: India and
Germany ................................................................................ 151
6.1 Indian Case Study.................................................................... 151
6. 1.1 Indian National Plant Genetic Resources System........... 152
6.l.2 National Policy on Plant Variety Recognition in India ... 157
6.1.3 Production and Distribution of Quality Seed.................. 158
6.2 German Case Study......... ...... ..... ................................. ............ 160
6.2.1 German System ofPGRFA Conservation......................
160
6.2.2 Breeding....................................................................... 170
6.3 Summary of the Indian and German Case Studies..................... 173
Contents
3.3 Analysis of the Beneficiaries of PGRF A Conservation.............
55
3.4 Incentives for the Conservation ofPGRFA...............................
57
3.4.1 Theory of the Conservation ofPGRFA..........................
57
3.4.2 Economic Mechanisms of Incentives for the
Conservation of PGRF A ...............................................
64
4 Institutional Frameworks for the Exchange and Utilization
of PGRFA............................................................................... 75
4.1 Institutional Aspects of Exchange of PGRF A ...........................
76
4.2 Actors in the Conservation and Exchange Activities
of Plant Genetic Resources.......................................................
78
4.3 Protection of Intellectual Property Rights as Enforcement
of the Exchange of PGRF A......................................................
84
4.3.1 International Agreements and the Ownership of Genetic
Resources.....................................................................
84
4.3.2 International Agreements and Their Coherence..............
87
4.4 Different Systems for the Transaction of Genetic Resources .....
90
4.4.1 Multilateral System ofPGRFA Exchange......................
91
4.4.2 Bilateral System ofPGRFA Exchange ..........................
94
4.4.3 Market System ofPGRFA Exchange.............................
95
4.4.4 Determinants for the Development of Different Exchange
Systems and Their Funding...........................................
96
5 Conservation Costs of PGRFA............................................. 101
5.1 Analysis of the Costs for PGRF A Conservation According to
Different Categories ................................................................ 102
5.1.1 Costs of ex Situ Conservation ........ ........ ... .................... 103
5.l. 2 Costs of in Situ Conservation........................................
III
5. 1.3 Transaction Costs of PGRF A Conservation...................
114
5.2 Expenditures of PGRF A Conservation at Country Level........... 115
5.3 Analysis of the International Expenditures in 1995................... 127
5.4 Effectiveness ofPGRFA Conservation for Analyzed Countries
139
6 Two Examples of PGRFA Conservation Systems: India and
Germany ................................................................................ 151
6.1 Indian Case Study.................................................................... 151
6. 1.1 Indian National Plant Genetic Resources System........... 152
6.l.2 National Policy on Plant Variety Recognition in India ... 157
6.1.3 Production and Distribution of Quality Seed.................. 158
6.2 German Case Study......... ...... ..... ................................. ............ 160
6.2.1 German System ofPGRFA Conservation......................
160
6.2.2 Breeding....................................................................... 170
6.3 Summary of the Indian and German Case Studies..................... 173