8 Summary
187
need to safeguard their breeding industry's demand for genetic resources as input
for breeding. On the supply side, agrobiodiversity-rich countries invest much for
the conservation of PGRF A, too. They do so for their own country's breeding
efforts but also to be able to appear on a market to be developed for genetically
coded information.
Based on expenditure data of 39 countries, the overall expenditures at a
national as well as an international level were estimated for 1995. According to
the estimation, US $ 733 million were spent for domestic expenditures in PGRF A
conservation management. US $ 83 million were estimated to be contributed from
countries for international organizations and their PGRF A conservation projects. It
is estimated that at least US $ 106 million were contributed directly from country
to country on a bi-lateral or multi-lateral basis.
Finally, the effectiveness of conservation in specific countries was analyzed. It
is interesting to note that only five of 34 countries received a high rating for their
effectiveness of PGRF A conservation. These countries were: Ethiopia, Gennany,
Japan, Poland, and the USA.
Following the detailed cost analysis, some conclusions for a practicable
PGRF A conservation policy are drawn:
• "Conservation and service centers" should be established to promote the
utilization of the stored PGRF A.
• Incentives for in situ conservation are necessary, but only in the fonn of sitespecific contribution.
• Compensation and internalization fit with the political call for "benefit
sharing". However, a full internalization of the social benefits at the individual
farmer's level is presently impossible and not feasible at national level.
• Increasing effectiveness of conservation strategies can be improved through a
market system, technology development, and the cooperation at different
levels.
187
need to safeguard their breeding industry's demand for genetic resources as input
for breeding. On the supply side, agrobiodiversity-rich countries invest much for
the conservation of PGRF A, too. They do so for their own country's breeding
efforts but also to be able to appear on a market to be developed for genetically
coded information.
Based on expenditure data of 39 countries, the overall expenditures at a
national as well as an international level were estimated for 1995. According to
the estimation, US $ 733 million were spent for domestic expenditures in PGRF A
conservation management. US $ 83 million were estimated to be contributed from
countries for international organizations and their PGRF A conservation projects. It
is estimated that at least US $ 106 million were contributed directly from country
to country on a bi-lateral or multi-lateral basis.
Finally, the effectiveness of conservation in specific countries was analyzed. It
is interesting to note that only five of 34 countries received a high rating for their
effectiveness of PGRF A conservation. These countries were: Ethiopia, Gennany,
Japan, Poland, and the USA.
Following the detailed cost analysis, some conclusions for a practicable
PGRF A conservation policy are drawn:
• "Conservation and service centers" should be established to promote the
utilization of the stored PGRF A.
• Incentives for in situ conservation are necessary, but only in the fonn of sitespecific contribution.
• Compensation and internalization fit with the political call for "benefit
sharing". However, a full internalization of the social benefits at the individual
farmer's level is presently impossible and not feasible at national level.
• Increasing effectiveness of conservation strategies can be improved through a
market system, technology development, and the cooperation at different
levels.