178 7 Conclusions for PGRFA Conservation Policy and further Research Issues
Fig. 7.1. A proposal for a PGRFA conservation and service center
international
conservation activities
(e.g. CG·Centres)
t .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... i
Such a system would help to reduce the search costs for the breeding industry
to a minimum. In addition to the service aspect and the additional value added for
the demand side, the processing task is advantageous for the protection of
germplasm. The enforcement of any rights, as royalties or other internalization
mechanisms is impossible without gathering all existing genetically coded
information of an accession. The conservation and service center (CSC) can only
claim any internalization of social benefits or any compensations if it can prove
which genetically coded information was sent to which breeder. The CSC can act
as a broker at a national level and will have contact to the clearing house on an
international level.
7.2
Incentives of Moderation
No remuneration is offered at present; either for farmers who maintain
agrobiodiversity in their fields, or for the conservators who are involved in the
first processing of PGRF A. The storage facilities are trying to generate a data base
containing information on their stored material in order to improve the
accessibility of specific germplasm. They distribute the material and the respective
information for free, but often do not receive new or additional information on the
material distributed in return (Hammer, 1995). Many genebanks in developing and
industrialized countries are suffering from insufficient budgets and are threatened
by further budget cuts (e.g., Shands, 1994; Hammer, 1995; Chandel, 1996).
Fig. 7.1. A proposal for a PGRFA conservation and service center
international
conservation activities
(e.g. CG·Centres)
t .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... i
Such a system would help to reduce the search costs for the breeding industry
to a minimum. In addition to the service aspect and the additional value added for
the demand side, the processing task is advantageous for the protection of
germplasm. The enforcement of any rights, as royalties or other internalization
mechanisms is impossible without gathering all existing genetically coded
information of an accession. The conservation and service center (CSC) can only
claim any internalization of social benefits or any compensations if it can prove
which genetically coded information was sent to which breeder. The CSC can act
as a broker at a national level and will have contact to the clearing house on an
international level.
7.2
Incentives of Moderation
No remuneration is offered at present; either for farmers who maintain
agrobiodiversity in their fields, or for the conservators who are involved in the
first processing of PGRF A. The storage facilities are trying to generate a data base
containing information on their stored material in order to improve the
accessibility of specific germplasm. They distribute the material and the respective
information for free, but often do not receive new or additional information on the
material distributed in return (Hammer, 1995). Many genebanks in developing and
industrialized countries are suffering from insufficient budgets and are threatened
by further budget cuts (e.g., Shands, 1994; Hammer, 1995; Chandel, 1996).