5.3 Analysis ofthe International Expenditures In 1995
135
including the duplication of collections, and the regeneration of threatened ex
situ accessions will secure the ability to store the accessions long term.
2. The purpose of the activities in the second group is mainly the improvement of
the availability of accessions by expanding the characterization and evaluation
activities as well as developing and improving the information and early warning
systems.
3. Activities like on-farm management and improvement of PGRF A, in situ
conservation of wild crop relatives and wild plants for food production, and the
reintroduction of PGRF A into agricultural systems are aiming at controlling the
genetic diversity in farmer's fields. These activities represent the third group and
contribute to improved adaptation possibilities of an increased amount of
varieties.
4. The final group summarizes supporting activities, like supporting or establishing
institutions, mainly national programs and networks. Furthermore, this group
includes activities enabling the capacity building in the countries. All the
activities of this group have an impact on all three different objectives.
These additional efforts described above are understood as activities which
further the conservation objectives defined. Therefore, the following costs analyzed
are understood as incremental costs, i.e., costs which will not replace other costs
already calculated (King, 1993). The baseline against which the incremental costs
have to be defined is composed of the activities and their quality already under way,
based on the 1995/96 information.
The activities listed include activities that may be funded by national
governments, and other domestic sources of funds, as well as internationally
through multilateral organizations, and from bilateral and regional sources. Only
those costs are included in the costing, which are ascribed to by the international
community. This includes a significant share of the costs of implementing activities
in developing countries. It also includes activities undertaken largely for the global
benefit, regardless of their location.
The costs have been estimated by aggregating known or forecast costs for the
specific activities. Estimates can, however, not be made using detailed budget line
items of formal submissions or project documents, since specific and detailed
projects and programs have not yet been formulated. The results, presented as
average annual costs during a 10-year period, at 1996 costs, should therefore be
regarded as order of magnitude estimates only. Referring to the descriptions of the
activities in the Global Plan of Action for the Conservation and Sustainable
Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, these calculations
are based on the cost estimates for the global plan of action and are recalculated
according to the specific cases discussed here (see F AO, 1996b and F AO, 1996g).
As can be seen in Table 5.15, the estimates of the total cost for the essential
activities to increase the effectiveness of the global conservation efforts amount to
US $ 337 million. The results of the costing estimations indicate three potential
levels, because of significant variables in the potential rate of implementation.
Depending on the speed and intensity with which activities should be implemented,
the cost of components of the calculation can thus vary by a large amount. For these
reasons, the costs have been calculated, in each case, for three options.
135
including the duplication of collections, and the regeneration of threatened ex
situ accessions will secure the ability to store the accessions long term.
2. The purpose of the activities in the second group is mainly the improvement of
the availability of accessions by expanding the characterization and evaluation
activities as well as developing and improving the information and early warning
systems.
3. Activities like on-farm management and improvement of PGRF A, in situ
conservation of wild crop relatives and wild plants for food production, and the
reintroduction of PGRF A into agricultural systems are aiming at controlling the
genetic diversity in farmer's fields. These activities represent the third group and
contribute to improved adaptation possibilities of an increased amount of
varieties.
4. The final group summarizes supporting activities, like supporting or establishing
institutions, mainly national programs and networks. Furthermore, this group
includes activities enabling the capacity building in the countries. All the
activities of this group have an impact on all three different objectives.
These additional efforts described above are understood as activities which
further the conservation objectives defined. Therefore, the following costs analyzed
are understood as incremental costs, i.e., costs which will not replace other costs
already calculated (King, 1993). The baseline against which the incremental costs
have to be defined is composed of the activities and their quality already under way,
based on the 1995/96 information.
The activities listed include activities that may be funded by national
governments, and other domestic sources of funds, as well as internationally
through multilateral organizations, and from bilateral and regional sources. Only
those costs are included in the costing, which are ascribed to by the international
community. This includes a significant share of the costs of implementing activities
in developing countries. It also includes activities undertaken largely for the global
benefit, regardless of their location.
The costs have been estimated by aggregating known or forecast costs for the
specific activities. Estimates can, however, not be made using detailed budget line
items of formal submissions or project documents, since specific and detailed
projects and programs have not yet been formulated. The results, presented as
average annual costs during a 10-year period, at 1996 costs, should therefore be
regarded as order of magnitude estimates only. Referring to the descriptions of the
activities in the Global Plan of Action for the Conservation and Sustainable
Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, these calculations
are based on the cost estimates for the global plan of action and are recalculated
according to the specific cases discussed here (see F AO, 1996b and F AO, 1996g).
As can be seen in Table 5.15, the estimates of the total cost for the essential
activities to increase the effectiveness of the global conservation efforts amount to
US $ 337 million. The results of the costing estimations indicate three potential
levels, because of significant variables in the potential rate of implementation.
Depending on the speed and intensity with which activities should be implemented,
the cost of components of the calculation can thus vary by a large amount. For these
reasons, the costs have been calculated, in each case, for three options.