5.2 Expenditures of PGRFA Conservation
127
Limitations of data and methodology inevitably produce bias when formulating
estimates such as those presented here. It should be noted that:
• The estimate cannot be more precise than the underlying data. The above
mentioned limitations of interpretation should also be taken into consideration.
• The estimate of domestic expenditures based on estimation of the data provided
is reasonable, because information was available from 28% of all countries,
including countries with major as well as more modest programs. As noted
earlier, the scope of domestic expenditures is, however, not clearly defined.
5.3
Analysis of the International Expenditures in 1995
The survey of countries and the estimate indicate that about US $ 160 - 190
million dollars are contributed each year for activities relating to PGRFA
conservation on an international level as well as financial assistance to specific
countries (see Table 5.11t. This figure is likely to be underestimated because the
surveyed countries contributing financial assistance did not always indicate all their
contributions, especially not the bilateral contributions. Furthermore, it is difficult
for the countries to judge how high the percentage of their contribution is to
international agencies, using it for activities related to PGRFA conservation. For
instance, all CGIAR members have given their specific contributions to the system,
but only a part of the CGIAR's activities may be ascribed to PGRFA conservation.
A significant number of international funding and executing agencies are
involved in activities relating to the conservation of PGRFA. Consequently, in
addition to national activities there are significant efforts undertaken on
international level to conserve the diversity of PGRFA. In the process of this study,
a survey was made of the expenditures on an international level. Fig. 5.6 depicts the
flow of financial resources for conservation of PGRFA, which may be divided into
two different groups. On the one hand, there are activities by international
institutions and organizations, e.g., FAD or the CGIAR centers. Single countries or
all countries benefit from the output of their work. This may lie in the access to
unique accessions, conserved in one of the CGIAR centers' genebanks or it may lie
in specific programs and projects implemented by FAD or other implementation
agencies in single countries or specific regions. All these activities are financed by
the contributions of member countries to the different organizations and
institutions. Besides the organizations mainly implementing programs and projects,
which also include NGOs, there are international organizations in charge of funds
for contributing financial assistance, e.g., GEF and the regional development banks.
Their contributions, either as grants or credits, may be implemented by national
organizations or by international implementing organizations. The World Bank and
61
The expenditures for international activities as well as financial assistance to specific countries
through international channels are called international expenditures in the following.
127
Limitations of data and methodology inevitably produce bias when formulating
estimates such as those presented here. It should be noted that:
• The estimate cannot be more precise than the underlying data. The above
mentioned limitations of interpretation should also be taken into consideration.
• The estimate of domestic expenditures based on estimation of the data provided
is reasonable, because information was available from 28% of all countries,
including countries with major as well as more modest programs. As noted
earlier, the scope of domestic expenditures is, however, not clearly defined.
5.3
Analysis of the International Expenditures in 1995
The survey of countries and the estimate indicate that about US $ 160 - 190
million dollars are contributed each year for activities relating to PGRFA
conservation on an international level as well as financial assistance to specific
countries (see Table 5.11t. This figure is likely to be underestimated because the
surveyed countries contributing financial assistance did not always indicate all their
contributions, especially not the bilateral contributions. Furthermore, it is difficult
for the countries to judge how high the percentage of their contribution is to
international agencies, using it for activities related to PGRFA conservation. For
instance, all CGIAR members have given their specific contributions to the system,
but only a part of the CGIAR's activities may be ascribed to PGRFA conservation.
A significant number of international funding and executing agencies are
involved in activities relating to the conservation of PGRFA. Consequently, in
addition to national activities there are significant efforts undertaken on
international level to conserve the diversity of PGRFA. In the process of this study,
a survey was made of the expenditures on an international level. Fig. 5.6 depicts the
flow of financial resources for conservation of PGRFA, which may be divided into
two different groups. On the one hand, there are activities by international
institutions and organizations, e.g., FAD or the CGIAR centers. Single countries or
all countries benefit from the output of their work. This may lie in the access to
unique accessions, conserved in one of the CGIAR centers' genebanks or it may lie
in specific programs and projects implemented by FAD or other implementation
agencies in single countries or specific regions. All these activities are financed by
the contributions of member countries to the different organizations and
institutions. Besides the organizations mainly implementing programs and projects,
which also include NGOs, there are international organizations in charge of funds
for contributing financial assistance, e.g., GEF and the regional development banks.
Their contributions, either as grants or credits, may be implemented by national
organizations or by international implementing organizations. The World Bank and
61
The expenditures for international activities as well as financial assistance to specific countries
through international channels are called international expenditures in the following.