69
Dissolved Organic Matter in Natural Waters
2002a; Hayakawa et al. 2003, 2004; Anderson and Williams 1998; Bushaw et al.
1996; Takahashi et al. 1995; Marañòn et al. 2004). These factors can be summarized as follows (Mostofa et al. 2009a): seasonal terrestrial riverine input; acidity
or alkalinity, conductivity and pH, the variation of which indicates major differences in water chemistry that could influence photoreaction rates as well as the
structure and speciation of organic matter. Other important factors are: anthropogenic activities; water transparency and the related light penetration through the
water column; standing stocks of carbon; stratification of the water column; stirring/mixing of water by strong wind; photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)
and water temperature; microbial degradation of DOM; ecosystem metabolism
and bacterial growth; release of large amounts of dissolved organic compounds by
wetland and littoral macrophytes; vertical mixing of the water column due to temperature effects; habitat structure and diversity.
8 Emerging Contaminants in Natural Waters
Emerging contaminants are generally detected in soil, sediment, air, water, aquatic
biota including fish, wildlife, terrestrial earthworms, and humans (Richardson 2003,
2007; Mottaleb et al. 2005, 2009; Richardson and Ternes 2005, 2011; Buser et al.
2006; Schmid et al. 2007; Farré et al. 2008; Kinney et al. 2008; Guo et al. 2009;
Ramirez et al. 2009; Citulski and Farahbakhsh 2010; Kumar and Xagoraraki 2010;
Pal et al. 2010; Yoon et al. 2010; Kleywegt et al. 2011; Yu et al. 2011; Daughton
and Ternes 1999; Keith et al. 2001; Heberer 2002; Balmer et al. 2004; Brooks et
al. 2005; Duedahl-Olesen et al. 2005). According to these studies, emerging contaminants (usually emerging organic contaminants) are typically defined as organic
substances that occur in very small amount (usually at concentration levels of nanograms to micrograms per liter), are persistent and have potential health effects on
organisms including humans, fish and wildlife, or other adverse ecological effects.
Such contaminants are either of anthropic origin (e.g. municipal, industrial, agricultural and human activities and waste water treatment processes) or naturally produced, e.g. during the algal (or phytoplankton) blooms in surface water.
Emerging contaminants include a diverse group of organic compounds that
can be classified as pharmaceuticals, personal care products (PCPs), endocrinedisrupting compounds (EDCs), steroids and hormones, drinking water disinfection
byproducts (DBPs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), brominated flame retardants
(including polybrominated diphenyl ethers), sucralose and other artificial sweeteners, benzotriazoles, naphthenic acids, antimony, siloxanes, sunscreens/UV filters,
musks, algal toxins, perchlorate, dioxane, pesticides, ionic liquids or organic salts,
nanomaterials, gasoline additives and their transformation products, as well as
microorganisms (Richardson 2003, 2007; Mottaleb et al. 2005, 2009; Richardson
and Ternes 2005, 2011; Buser et al. 2006; Schmid et al. 2007; Farré et al. 2008;
Kinney et al. 2008; Guo et al. 2009; Ramirez et al. 2009; Citulski and Farahbakhsh
2010; Kumar and Xagoraraki 2010; Pal et al. 2010; Yoon et al. 2010; Kleywegt
Dissolved Organic Matter in Natural Waters
2002a; Hayakawa et al. 2003, 2004; Anderson and Williams 1998; Bushaw et al.
1996; Takahashi et al. 1995; Marañòn et al. 2004). These factors can be summarized as follows (Mostofa et al. 2009a): seasonal terrestrial riverine input; acidity
or alkalinity, conductivity and pH, the variation of which indicates major differences in water chemistry that could influence photoreaction rates as well as the
structure and speciation of organic matter. Other important factors are: anthropogenic activities; water transparency and the related light penetration through the
water column; standing stocks of carbon; stratification of the water column; stirring/mixing of water by strong wind; photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)
and water temperature; microbial degradation of DOM; ecosystem metabolism
and bacterial growth; release of large amounts of dissolved organic compounds by
wetland and littoral macrophytes; vertical mixing of the water column due to temperature effects; habitat structure and diversity.
8 Emerging Contaminants in Natural Waters
Emerging contaminants are generally detected in soil, sediment, air, water, aquatic
biota including fish, wildlife, terrestrial earthworms, and humans (Richardson 2003,
2007; Mottaleb et al. 2005, 2009; Richardson and Ternes 2005, 2011; Buser et al.
2006; Schmid et al. 2007; Farré et al. 2008; Kinney et al. 2008; Guo et al. 2009;
Ramirez et al. 2009; Citulski and Farahbakhsh 2010; Kumar and Xagoraraki 2010;
Pal et al. 2010; Yoon et al. 2010; Kleywegt et al. 2011; Yu et al. 2011; Daughton
and Ternes 1999; Keith et al. 2001; Heberer 2002; Balmer et al. 2004; Brooks et
al. 2005; Duedahl-Olesen et al. 2005). According to these studies, emerging contaminants (usually emerging organic contaminants) are typically defined as organic
substances that occur in very small amount (usually at concentration levels of nanograms to micrograms per liter), are persistent and have potential health effects on
organisms including humans, fish and wildlife, or other adverse ecological effects.
Such contaminants are either of anthropic origin (e.g. municipal, industrial, agricultural and human activities and waste water treatment processes) or naturally produced, e.g. during the algal (or phytoplankton) blooms in surface water.
Emerging contaminants include a diverse group of organic compounds that
can be classified as pharmaceuticals, personal care products (PCPs), endocrinedisrupting compounds (EDCs), steroids and hormones, drinking water disinfection
byproducts (DBPs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), brominated flame retardants
(including polybrominated diphenyl ethers), sucralose and other artificial sweeteners, benzotriazoles, naphthenic acids, antimony, siloxanes, sunscreens/UV filters,
musks, algal toxins, perchlorate, dioxane, pesticides, ionic liquids or organic salts,
nanomaterials, gasoline additives and their transformation products, as well as
microorganisms (Richardson 2003, 2007; Mottaleb et al. 2005, 2009; Richardson
and Ternes 2005, 2011; Buser et al. 2006; Schmid et al. 2007; Farré et al. 2008;
Kinney et al. 2008; Guo et al. 2009; Ramirez et al. 2009; Citulski and Farahbakhsh
2010; Kumar and Xagoraraki 2010; Pal et al. 2010; Yoon et al. 2010; Kleywegt