viii
Contents
2.4.5. Fatty Acid Markers from Allochthonous Sources. . . . . . . .
31
2.4.6. Fatty Acids as Trophic Markers in Vertebrates . . . . . . . . . .
32
2.5. Research Needs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
2.6. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
3. Irradiance and Lipid Production in Natural Algal Populations .. . . . . .
45
Bruce C. Wainman, Ralph E.H. Smith, Hakumat Rai, and
John A. Furgal
3.1. Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
3.2. Metabolism and Reallocation .............................
47
3.2.1. Lipids in Relation to Other Macromolecular Classes ... . .
47
3.2.2. Die] Versus Light-Phase Allocation and Synthesis. . . . . . .
50
3.2.3. Budgets for Overnight Activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
3.2.4. Reallocation Among Lipid Classes ...................
55
3.3. Irradiance and Lipid Synthesis ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
3.3.1. Photosynthetic Parameters .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
3.3.2. Light Saturation Parameter, Ik .......................
58
3.3.3. Production Efficiency Parameter, 0' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
3.3.4. Areal Lipid Production ............................
62
3.3.5. Implications of the Irradiance Response ........ . . . . . . .
66
3.4. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
3.5. Research Directions ....................................
67
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
4. Lipids in Freshwater Zooplankton: Selected Ecological and
Physiological Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
Michael T. Arts
4.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
4.2. Usefulness of Areal Energy Reserve Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
4.3. Time Course of Lipid Deposition/Loss .....................
73
4.4. Lipids as Indices of Stress ...............................
78
4.4.1. Ratio of Storage to Membrane Lipids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
4.4.2. Maternal Lipid Investment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
4.4.3. Visible Lipid Energy Stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
4.4.4. Fatty Acid Composition and Abundance ..............
80
4.5. Ultraviolet Radiation and Zooplankton Lipids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
4.6. Research Needs and Suggested Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
4.6. I. Geographical Disparities ...........................
82
4.6.2. Physicochemical Disparities ........................
82
4.6.3. Essential Fatty Acids ..............................
83
4.6.4. Effects of Temperature Changes .....................
83
4.6.5. Diapause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
4.6.6. Lipids as Allelopathic Compounds and Chemical
Feeding Deterrents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84